CBSE Class 10 · Social Science · board exam 2027
Chapter 1: Development — notes
The chapter’s 7 parts in the book’s order — the first idea of each and the points Medha Ma’am writes on the board — and the summary at the end. The full lesson and a check question for each part are in the app.
1. Different people, different goals
Okay, so you have your own ideas about how you'd like to live.
- • Development means different things to different people
- • Example: labourer wants wages; farmer wants income; woman wants freedom
- • Goals can conflict: more dams vs displaced tribals
- • What is development for one may be destructive for another
2. Income and other goals
Okay, so look at what different people want.
- • People want: more income
- • Also want: equal treatment, freedom, security, respect
- • Non-material things matter too, e.g. friendship
- • Developmental goals = income + other important things in life
3. National development and comparing with income
Okay, so, everyone has a different idea of development.
- • National development: thinking about what benefits most people
- • Per capita income = total income / total population
- • 2024: Rich countries >= US$ 66,500
- • Low-income countries: about US$ 2,300 or less
- • India (2024): about US$ 11,000 - low middle income
4. Average income hides disparities
Okay, so average income is useful, but it hides something important.
- • Country A: incomes ~9500-10500, equal distribution
- • Country B: four earn 500, one earns 48000
- • Both can have same average income
- • Average hides how income is distributed
5. Income is not enough: public facilities matter
Okay, so let's compare three states — Haryana, Kerala, and Bihar.
- • Per capita income: Haryana Rs 3,25,759 > Kerala Rs 2,81,001 > Bihar Rs 60,337
- • Infant Mortality Rate: Kerala 6, Haryana 28 (per 1000 live births)
- • Bihar: about one-third of 15-17 year olds not attending secondary school
- • Money cannot buy everything - public facilities matter
- • Collective provision (schools, health) often cheaper than individual provision
6. Human Development Report
Since income alone is an inadequate measure of development, the Human Development Report published by UNDP compares countries using educational levels, health status, and per capita income together, called the Human Development Index or HDI.
- • HDI = Human Development Index (UNDP)
- • Compares: education, health, per capita income
- • Sri Lanka: GNI 12,616; Life Expectancy 77.5; HDI rank 89
- • India: GNI 9,047; Life Expectancy 72; HDI rank 130
- • Nepal and Bangladesh: lower income than India but better life expectancy
7. Sustainability of development
Okay, so once a country reaches a good level of development, we'd want it to stay that way, for future generations too.
- • Renewable resource: replenished by nature, e.g. groundwater, crops
- • Groundwater: 300 districts, water level down over 4m in 20 years
- • Non-renewable resource: fixed stock, cannot be replenished, e.g. crude oil
- • World crude oil reserves (2017): will last about 47 years at present rate
- • Sustainability: keeping development possible for future generations
Summary
Okay, so let's bring everything together now. We started this chapter with different people — landless labourers, farmers, women, industrialists, tribals. Each one has a different idea of development. And something that helps one group can actually harm another. Then we saw, development isn't just about money. People also want equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect. Now, to compare countries, we use average income, also called per capita income. But here's the catch — it hides how that income is actually shared among people. Remember our Country A and Country B example? That's exactly what it showed. Then we looked at Haryana, Kerala, and Bihar. And income alone wasn't enough to explain things. Kerala had lower income than Haryana, but a much lower Infant Mortality Rate. So public facilities — health, education — they matter a lot. This is what led to the Human Development Report. It looks at education, health, and income together, and calls it the Human Development Index. And finally, we spoke about sustainability. Groundwater, crude oil — both showed us something important. Development should not finish off resources that the future will need. So tell me — out of all these ideas, which one do you remember the most?
Ask Medha · Medha Ma’am — CBSE Class 10 Social Science, Chapter 1. Written from the textbook, checked twice.
Questions parents and students ask
- How do I get the "Development" notes as a PDF?
- Press "Save as PDF" — the phone’s print sheet opens; choose "Save as PDF" there. The PDF holds the notes only.
- Where are these notes written from?
- From the chapter’s own textbook text, part by part, in the book’s own terms; a second, independent model then checked every part against the book. The full lesson, a check question for each part and the practice are in the Ask Medha app.
The same preparation, with Medha Ma’am — on your phone
Every question of every chapter with its model answer, practice questions in the board’s own shapes, 45 minutes of class a day, written answers marked, a test every Sunday and a WhatsApp report to parents.
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