Chapter 2: Case-based factual passage

Important questions — the ones the board asked most (20)

1. Q1Case-based10 marksAsked: 2025

   Read the following text : Answer the following questions, based on the passage above : I. Complete the following with a suitable explanation with reference to paragraph (1). ESD is now high on the international agenda because ________. II. Based on the given passage, How does UN view ESD as a lifelong process ? What are the critical areas of emphasis ? (Paragraph 1) III. List two curriculum projects that ESD (Education for Sustainable Development) has been linked with. (Paragraph 1) IV. Complete the following suitably : Many of our fundamental attitudes and values are put into plan in the early years as ________. (Paragraph 2) V. Substitute the underlined word with the correct word from paragraph (2) : ESD in Early Childhood Care and Education provides the possibility of transformational reconstruction. (A) positive change (B) power to reform (C) negative impact (D) creative VI. What do UNICEF reports reveal about the vulnerability of children under the age of eight during global emergencies ? (Paragraph 3) (A) UNICEF reports highlight the resilience of children under the age of eight during global emergencies. (B) UNICEF reports indicate that children under the age of eight are rarely affected by global emergencies. (C) UNICEF reports show that children under the age of eight represent the highest percentage of affected population in global emergencies. (D) UNICEF reports suggest that children under the age of eight are primarily responsible for responding to global emergencies. VII. What remains a problem in both rich and poor countries? What has been recognised as crucial ? (Paragraph 3) VIII. Complete the sentence with the correct response : The writer's tone in the passage is ________.

   

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   Model answer · Unseen passage, ESD

   1. 1.I. ESD is now high on the international agenda because it is seen as a way to encourage greater sustainable consumption and production, counter the effects of climate change, address threats to biodiversity and provide more efficient disaster risk management.1 mark
   2. 2.II. The UN views ESD as a lifelong process that runs from early childhood to higher and adult education and goes beyond formal education. Its critical areas of emphasis are values, lifestyles and attitudes.2 marks
   3. 3.III. ESD has been linked with curriculum projects on (1) recycling and (2) energy and water conservation.1 mark
   4. 4.IV. Many of our fundamental attitudes and values are put into place in the early years as children have the greatest capacity to learn in these years. Young children are also already investigating issues such as recycling, energy conservation, waste disposal and changes in the local environment.2 marks
   5. 5.V. (A) positive change1 mark
   6. 6.VI. (C) UNICEF reports show that children under the age of eight represent the highest percentage of affected population in global emergencies.1 mark
   7. 7.VII. Equitable access to high-quality pre-school programmes remains a problem in both rich and poor countries. Linking the health and education agendas has been recognised as crucial.1 mark
   8. 8.VIII. The writer's tone in the passage is informative and objective.1 mark

   • In Question II, answer both parts: say that ESD runs from early childhood to adult education and beyond formal education, then name values, lifestyles and attitudes.
   • In Question IV, give two reasons from paragraph 2, not just one.
   • In Question VII, write two separate sentences: one for the problem and one for what has been recognised as crucial.

   Marks split as in the board’s published marking scheme

2. Q2Case-based10 marksAsked: 2023

   Read the following passage carefully : 1 According to a new study, a vast blanket of pollution stretching across South Asia is cutting down sunlight by 10 per cent over India, damaging agriculture, modifying rainfall patterns and putting hundreds of thousands of people at risk. 2 It is said, “Acids in the haze may, by falling as acid rain, have the potential to damage crops and trees. Ash falling on leaves can aggravate the impact of reduced sunlight on the Earth’s surface. The pollution that is forming the haze could be leading to several hundreds of thousands of premature deaths as a result of higher levels of respiratory diseases.” 3 “The haze has cut down sunlight over India by 10 per cent (so far) — a huge amount ! As a repercussion, the North-West of India is drying up,” Prof. V. Ramanathan said when asked specifically about the impact of the haze over India. He said, “We are still in an early stage of understanding of the impact of the haze.” 4 Prof. V. Ramanathan was asked whether the current droughts in most parts of India after over a decade of good monsoons was owing to the haze. He said, “It was too early to reach a conclusion. If the droughts persist for about four to five years, then we would start suspecting that it may be because of the haze.” India, China and Indonesia are the worst affected owing to their population density, economic growth and depleting forest cover. (i) Infer one reason for the following based on the information in paragraph 1 : In India rainfall patterns are changing. (ii) The pollution spreading across South Asia is affecting India by ________. Choose the correct option from the ones given below : (a) I, II and III (b) I, III and IV (c) II, III and IV (d) I, II and IV (iii) Complete the following analogy correctly with a word/phrase from paragraph 2. possibility : ________ :: suspecting : doubting (iv) Select the correct option to complete the sentence. ________ droughts were caused by the haze. (a) Strong evidence suggested that (b) Past surveys confirmed that (c) There has not been enough time to determine that (d) Superstitious people believe that (v) From the following pie chart, identify one reason each which does and does not contribute to weather disruption : For the Visually Impaired Candidates only in lieu of Q. No. 2 (v) : (v) List two phenomena which lead to weather disruptions. (vi) Fill in the blank by selecting the correct option. Ash falling on leaves can ________ the impact of reduced sunlight on the Earth's surface. (a) worsen (b) encourage (c) diminish (d) support (vii) Substitute the word 'repercussion' with one word similar in meaning in the following sentence from paragraph 3. The haze has cut down sunlight over India ... As a repercussion, the North-West of India is drying up. (viii) List any two countries which are affected due to depleting forest cover. (ix) Which of the following mean the same as 'persist' in 'droughts persist' as used in para 4 ? (a) destroying (b) halting (c) continue (d) blocking (x) Select the option that titles paragraphs 1 - 4 appropriately with reference to information in the text. (a) 1. Impact of Pollution in South Asia 2. Effects of Acid Rain 3. Understanding Consequences of Haze 4. Debate over Droughts (b) 1. Impact of Droughts 2. Understanding Acid Rain 3. Effect of Haze 4. Debate over Pollution (c) 1. Impact of Pollution in South Asia 2. Effects of Acid Rain 3. Debate over Droughts 4. Understanding Haze (d) 1. Impact of Haze 2. Understanding Acid Rain 3. Debate over Pollution 4. Effect of Haze (vii) (vii) Substitute the word ‘repercussion’ with one word similar in meaning in the following sentence from paragraph 3. The haze has cut down sunlight over India ... As a repercussion, the North-West of India is drying up. (viii) Identify the error on a shop's hoarding and supply the correction. World Wide Travels Pvt. Ltd. Beaspur, Sewana For travel informations, contact the twenty-four hour help-desk Use the given format for your response. Error | Correction

3. Q3Case-based10 marksAsked: 2023

   Read the extract given below : 1. Necessity is indeed the mother of invention. When areas in and around Leh began to experience water shortages, life didn't grind to a halt. Why ? Because a retired civil engineer in the Jammu and Kashmir Government came up with the idea of artificial glaciers. 2. Ladakh, a cold desert at an altitude of 3,000 - 3,500 meters above sea level, has a low average annual rainfall rate of 50 mm. Glaciers have always been the only source of water. Agriculture is completely dependent on glacier melt, unlike the rest of river/monsoon-fed India. But over the years, with increasing effects of climate change, rainfall and snowfall patterns have been changing, resulting in severe shortage and drought situations. Given the extreme winter conditions, the window for farming is usually limited to one harvest season. 3. It is located between the natural glacier above and the village below. The one closer to the village and lowest in altitude melts first, providing water during April-May, the crucial sowing season. Further, layers of ice above melt with the increasing temperature, thus ensuring continuous supply to the fields. Therefore, farmers have been able to manage two crops instead of one. It costs about 1,50,000 and above to create a glacier. 4. Fondly called the glacier man, he has designed over 15 artificial glaciers in and around Leh since 1987. In recognition of his pioneering effort, he was conferred the Padma Shri by The President of India. 5. There are a few basic steps followed while creating an artificial glacier. River or stream water at high altitude is diverted to a shaded area of the hill, facing north, where the winter sun is blocked by a ridge or a mountain range. At the start of winter i.e., in November, the diverted water is made to flow on sloping hills facing distribution channels. Stone embankments are built at regular intervals which impede the flow of water, making shallow pools which freeze, forming a cascade of ice along the slope. Ice formation continues for 3-4 months resulting in a large accumulation of ice which is referred to as an 'artificial glacier'. Based on your understanding of the extract, answer the questions below : (i) Infer one reason for the following, based on information in paragraph 1. Areas in and around Leh began to experience water shortage but life didn't grind to a halt. (ii) Select from the passage the appropriate option to fill in the blanks : Agriculture is completely dependent on .................... unlike the rest of river/monsoon-fed India. (a) rainfall pattern (b) climate change (c) glaciers melt (d) extreme winter conditions (iii) Complete the following analogy correctly with a word/phrase from paragraph 3 : icing : cake :: layers : .................... (iv) Select the correct option to complete the following sentence : At the start of winter the diverted water is made to flow .................... (a) on sloping hills facing distribution channels. (b) on high altitude. (c) on ice-cold water level. (d) on mountain range. (v) From the chart select the months of water surplus. (a) January, February. (b) November, December. (c) July, August, September. (d) March, April. For Visually impaired candidates (v) Describe the number of months which result in large accumulation of ice. (vi) Fill in the blank by selecting from the passage the correct option : The .................... have been the only source of water in areas in and around Ladakh. (a) glaciers (b) rivers (c) streams (d) water springs (vii) The word 'located' in paragraph 3 means : (a) found (b) locally found (c) situated (d) adapted (viii) Write any two steps followed while creating the glaciers. (ix) List one reason why artificial glaciers seem the best option. (x) Select the most suitable title from the following for the passage : (a) Water Shortage. (b) New Ways to Pool Water. (c) Artificial Glacier. (d) River Beds.

   

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   Model answer · Unseen passage, artificial glaciers

   1. 1.(i) Life did not come to a halt because a retired civil engineer came up with the idea of artificial glaciers, and these glaciers gave the people water.1 mark
   2. 2.(ii) (c) glaciers melt1 mark
   3. 3.(iii) icing : cake :: layers : ice1 mark
   4. 4.(iv) (a) on sloping hills facing distribution channels.1 mark
   5. 5.(v) (c) July, August, September.1 mark
   6. 6.(v) (For visually impaired candidates) Ice keeps forming for 3-4 months, and this leads to a large accumulation of ice.1 mark
   7. 7.(vi) (a) glaciers1 mark
   8. 8.(vii) (c) situated1 mark
   9. 9.(viii) Step 1: River or stream water at a high altitude is diverted to a shady area of the hill facing north, where the winter sun is blocked by a ridge or a mountain range.1 mark
   10. 10.(viii) Step 2: At the start of winter, in November, the diverted water is made to flow on the sloping hills, and stone embankments stop it so that shallow pools form and freeze. (ix) Artificial glaciers seem the best option because they give water during April-May, the sowing season, so farmers can now grow two crops instead of one. (x) (c) Artificial Glacier.1 mark

   • In (i), name the reason clearly: the retired civil engineer's idea of artificial glaciers.
   • In (viii), write two separate steps: water diverted to a shady, north-facing area where a ridge blocks the sun, and water made to flow on the sloping hills.
   • For multiple-choice items, write the option letter together with its full words, e.g. (c) glaciers melt.

   Marks split as in the board’s published marking scheme

4. Q4Case-based10 marksAsked: 2023

   (3) Expressing confidence about regaining control over the satellite once the blackout phase is over, he said, “the scenario has been tested and the line of communication will be established.” The spacecraft’s life has been extended for another six months in March due to surplus fuel. (4) Stating that the spacecraft has been “configured” for the blackout, the ISRO official said, “we are not sending any commands to the spacecraft now, till 8th June few hours of signals will be sent by the spacecraft that will be for about two to three hours per day”. In May next year, the mission will have to go through a similar phase once again, if there is another extension of mission life when the Earth will come between the Sun and Mars. (5) Scripting space history, India on September 24 last successfully placed its low-cost Mars spacecraft in orbit around the red planet in its very first attempt, breaking into an elite club of three countries. (i) Infer one reason for the following based on information in paragraph 1. The ‘blackout’ phase is significant ________. (ii) Choose the appropriate option to fill in the blank. From paragraph 1 & 2, we can infer that there will be ________ 1. no communication with the people. 2. blackout phase. 3. satellite will set no communication. 4. the moon will block the earth. 5. the communication break will be for 15 days. (a) 1, 2 & 3 (b) 1, 3 & 4 (c) 2, 3 & 5 (d) 3, 4 & 5 (iii) The communication with the satellite will break for approximately ________ days. (a) 10 (b) 15 (c) 20 (d) 25 (iv) Complete the following analogy correctly with a word/phrase from paragraph 2. aroma : cooking : : ________ : space research (Clue – just like aroma is integral to coking, similarly ________ is/are integral to space Research. (v) According to ISRO official till 8th July, when Sun will block Mars, ________ signal / signals per day will be sent to the spacecraft. (a) no (b) considerable (c) indefinite (d) only for few

   How the model answer begins

   1. (i) The 'blackout' phase is significant because there will be no communication with the satellite. The communication will snap for that period.

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5. Q5Case-based10 marksAsked: 2026

   Read the following text : (1) Rate of Internet Reach in India : 2014-2024 The rate of internet reach in India rose over 52% in 2024 from about 14% in 2014. Although these figures seem relatively low, it meant that more than half of the population of 1.4 billion people had internet access that year. This also ranked the country second in the world in terms of active internet users. (2) Internet availability and accessibility By 2021 the number of internet connections across the country tripled in urban areas because of a higher density of population leading to an increase in the number of connections. However, despite of incredibly low internet prices, internet usage in India has yet to reach its full potential. Lack of awareness about the internet in India persists, especially in rural areas and among women, driven by digital divide, infrastructure limitations, and a lack of perceived need for the internet. This hinders digital adoption, with many not knowing how to use the internet or even being aware of its existence. Targeted awareness campaigns and digital literacy programs are crucial to bridge this gap and ensure people understand and can benefit from the digital ecosystem. (3) Digital living Home to one of the largest bases of netizens in the world, India is abuzz with internet activities being carried out every moment of every day. From information and research to shopping and entertainment to living in smart homes, Indians have welcomed digital living with open arms. Rate of Internet Reach in India S. No. | Year | Percentage 1. | 2017 | 24.0 2. | 2018 | 28.5 3. | 2019 | 33.7 4. | 2020 | 43.4 5. | 2021 | 46.3 6. | 2022 | 48.1 7. | 2023 | 51.5 8. | 2024 | 52.4 9. | 2025 | 55.3 Answer the following questions, based on the passage above : (iii) Identify the word that indicates that internet reach is ‘comparatively’ low. (Paragraph 1) (v) From the passage identify one reason why there are less internet users among women ? (vi) Fill in the blank with a suitable word given in brackets : Infrastructure limitations __________ (impedes/spurs) digital adoption. (vii) Complete the following with a suitable reason : An increase in the number of connections in urban areas is because of __________. (viii) Which are the two ways to bridge the gap of digital unawareness ? (ix) In the context of the last paragraph how does the author justify the statement, ‘Indians have welcomed digital living with open arms’.

   How the model answer begins

   1. The word 'relatively' indicates that the internet reach is comparatively low.

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6. Q6Very short answer2 marksAsked: 2026

   The Rise of Electric Vehicles in India : (1) Electric Vehicles (EVs) are gaining significant traction globally. In India, the push for EVs is driven by concerns over air pollution, rising fuel costs and government’s commitment to reducing carbon emissions. The Indian Government has set ambitious targets for EV adoption, aiming for 30% of private cars, 70% of commercial vehicles, and 80% of two wheelers and three-wheelers to be electric by 2030. (2) The benefits of EVs extend beyond environmental impact : Lower running cost due to cheaper electricity, reduces maintenance because of fewer moving parts, and lowers noise pollution in urban areas. (3) Despite the promising outlook, the EV industry in India faces several challenges currently. While public charging stations are slowly increasing, their availability, especially in semi-urban and rural areas, remains a bottleneck. The initial high purchase cost of EVs and concerns about range or the fear of running out of charge are other causes of anxiety. (4) To overcome these hurdles, the government is offering subsidies and tax benefits to make EVs more affordable. Private companies are investing in developing new EV models with improved battery technology for longer ranges and battery swapping technology is also being explored as a quick alternative to traditional charging. (5) The Indian EV market is witnessing rapid growth, with sales figures steadily climbing. In 2023, India recorded sales of over 1.5 million EVs, a significant jump from previous years. Two-wheelers dominated the sales, followed by three-wheelers and then passenger cars. States like Maharashtra, Delhi, and Karnataka have emerged as leaders in EV adoption, largely due to supportive state policies and greater awareness among consumers. Electric vehicles offer multiple benefits in India. Support the above statement in 40 words with evidence from the text.

   How the model answer begins

   1. Electric vehicles offer economic benefits as they have lower running costs due to cheaper electricity and need reduced maintenance because of fewer moving parts.

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7. Q7Very short answer2 marksAsked: 2025

   Silk is a natural protein fibre, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. Silk has a long history in India. It is known as Resham in eastern and northern India, and Pattu in the southern parts of India. India is the second largest producer of silk in the world after China. Silk is renowned for its luxurious qualities with a natural soft and smooth texture that feels comfortable on the skin. One of its unique qualities is to absorb and release moisture, regulating the body temperature, and keeping the wearer cool and dry. Silk is one of the strongest natural fibres, but it loses up to 20% of its strength when wet. Its elasticity is moderate to poor: if elongated even a small amount, it remains stretched. It can be weakened if exposed to too much sunlight. It may also be attacked by insects, especially if left dirty. The process of silk production is known as sericulture. Silk is produced by several insects; but, generally, only the silk of moth caterpillars has been used for textile manufacturing. To produce 1 kg of silk, 104 kg of mulberry leaves must be eaten by 3000 silkworms. So what makes silk so costly ? Firstly, cultivation of silk is a labour-intensive work. Secondly, the silk fabric is carefully derived from the larva of the silkworms which spin silk threads around themselves to make from cocoons natural sources. This makes the production limited due to factors like — climate, availability of quality mulberry leaves and time required by silkworms to complete their lifecycle. Thirdly, the intensive work can only be carried out with specialized knowledge and expertise by skilled artisans and craftsmanship. Lastly, superior quality silk fabrics are made from long and uniform silk fibres giving them a smooth and lustrous appearance. Thus, production requires careful selection, adding to the cost. In 2021, Karnataka was the highest producer of raw silk at 8483 metric tonnes followed by Andhra Pradesh at 5520 metric tonnes with Assam close behind at 5038 metric tonnes. At the other end of the spectrum there was Chhattisgarh (248 metric tonnes), Nagaland (230 metric tonnes) and UP trailed behind at 179 metric tonnes. What does the phrase ‘luxurious qualities’ in paragraph (2) tell you about the silk fabric ? Write in 40 words with evidence from the text.

   How the model answer begins

   1. The phrase 'luxurious qualities' shows that silk has a natural soft and smooth texture that feels comfortable on the skin.

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8. Q8Very short answer2 marksAsked: 2025

   (1) Electric vehicles (EV) market is growing rapidly all over the world. In India also the EV market has gained significant momentum. It has grown more after the implementation of FAME (Faster Adoption and Manufacture of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles) scheme in 2015 by Ministry of Heavy Industry and Public Enterprises. (2) Electric vehicles are solutions to be independent and free from imported energy resources. Electric cars can bring a major change to India in becoming self-sustainable. EV could also be the alternative to decrease carbon dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide from automobiles is one of the causes of air pollution. (3) An EV can be used for flexible load, for standardizing the grid with substantial share of fluctuating renewable energy generation. EV emits 30-80% less greenhouse gas when compared with Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicle. EVs do not consume any energy when it is stationary as compared to ICE vehicles where fuel is consumed when it is idle. EV is recognised as promising alternatives to vehicles and will potentially replace ICE vehicles in the near future. (4) The electric vehicles have low emissions, high efficiency and smooth operation. The energy consumption and emissions for plug in hybrid electric vehicles found that compared to gasoline vehicles there is 37.5% less energy consumption and 35% less greenhouse gas emissions. The government have started financial policies to encourage EV adoption; however, decision makers have to plan a long-term perspective to get them implemented efficiently. Give two benefits of using Electric vehicles over Internal Combustion Engine vehicles.

   How the model answer begins

   1. Electric vehicles emit 30-80% less greenhouse gas as compared to Internal Combustion Engine vehicles.

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9. Q9Very short answer2 marksAsked: 2024

   (1) The National Education Policy 2020 proposes the revision and revamping of all aspects of education, including the educational structure, regulations and governance, to create a new system which is aligned with the aspirational goals of 21st century students. According to the policy, by 2025, at least 50% of learners through the school and higher education system shall have exposure to skill education, for which a clear action plan with targets and timelines are to be developed. (2) The policy aims to overcome the social status hierarchy associated with skill education and integration of skill education into mainstream education in all educational institutions in a phased manner. Beginning with skill exposure at early ages in middle and secondary school, quality skill education will be integrated smoothly into school and higher education. (3) Every child will learn at least one skill and is exposed to several more. This would lead to emphasizing the dignity of labour and importance of various vocations involving Indian arts and artisanship. (4) The development of skill capacities will go hand-in-hand with the development of ‘academic’ or other capacities. To achieve this objective, secondary schools will have to collaborate with Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs), Polytechnics, Local Industry, etc. Skill labs will also be set up and created in the schools in a Hub and Spoke model, which will allow other schools to use the facility. Higher education institutions will offer skill education either on their own or in partnership with industry and other institutions. The Global Scenario of Students in Skill Education Sector. [Graph] For visually challenged students only : Percentage of students in Skill Education in various countries is as follows : India — 5% Egypt — 30% Denmark — 50% USA — 52% Germany — 75% South Korea — 96% Based on the reading of the extract, list 2 objectives of NEP 2020.

10. Q10Very short answer2 marksAsked: 2024

    Fossil fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas) are our most traditional sources for power generation. The energy that’s produced from any source other than fossil fuels is termed as alternative energy. Between the two sources, using alternative energy has a lower environmental impact. We now know that alternative energy sources are the sources we use to supplement or even replace traditional energy sources used for power generation. You could almost say the same thing about renewable energy sources. But there is one subtle difference between the two. All renewable energy sources fall under the category of alternative energy sources, but it doesn’t work the other way around. That’s because renewable energy sources are derived from naturally replenished sources or processes of Earth, such as the sun, wind, and water. We refer to these resources as renewable or sustainable since, unlike fossil fuels, this naturally occurring continual renewal makes them inexhaustible. However, alternative energy sources are exhaustible, and therefore not renewable. That’s the difference ! The equipment necessary to harness energy from alternative sources used to be so expensive that it wasn’t practical for consumer use. However, thanks to increased demand, more experienced energy developers, competitive supply chains, improved renewable technologies, and enhanced energy efficiency capabilities, that’s no longer the case. When it comes to energy efficiency, the leader of the renewable energy pack is wind energy. Behind wind comes geothermal energy, hydropower, nuclear energy, and then solar power. Wind power serves both individuals and entire communities. It is versatile, and can be produced from small-scale windmills or wind turbines on residential properties. It can also be produced from large-scale offshore wind farms in the ocean. We generate geothermal power by tapping into underground reservoirs of hot water and steam. Geothermal electricity can directly heat and cool buildings. Generated from the energy of moving water, hydroelectricity (also known as hydropower) is produced when water behind a dam causes turbine blades to move as it flows through an intake. The turbine blades then rotate a generator to produce electricity that is sent to power homes. Nuclear energy is created in the form of heat through the fission process of atoms. The initial fission process creates energy and triggers a chain reaction that repeats the process and generates more energy. In nuclear power plants, the heat that fission produces creates steam. The steam then rotates a turbine, which leads to the production of electricity. Solar power most commonly refers to the use of solar cells to create energy. On a small scale, you may see a few solar panels on a house roof used to produce energy for just that one home. On a larger scale, you may see a solar farm used as a power plant to produce electricity for its consumers. What is the tone of the writer in the given lines from para (4) ? Rationalise your response in about 40 words. "However, thanks to increased demand, more experienced energy developers, competitive supply chains, improved renewable technologies, and enhanced energy efficiency capabilities, that’s no longer the case".

    How the model answer begins

    1. The writer's tone is optimistic and positive about the increased demand for alternative energy sources.

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11. Q11Very short answer2 marksAsked: 2024

    Fossil fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas) are our most traditional sources for power generation. The energy that’s produced from any source other than fossil fuels is termed as alternative energy. Between the two sources, using alternative energy has a lower environmental impact. We now know that alternative energy sources are the sources we use to supplement or even replace traditional energy sources used for power generation. You could almost say the same thing about renewable energy sources. But there is one subtle difference between the two. All renewable energy sources fall under the category of alternative energy sources, but it doesn’t work the other way around. That’s because renewable energy sources are derived from naturally replenished sources or processes of Earth, such as the sun, wind, and water. We refer to these resources as renewable or sustainable since, unlike fossil fuels, this naturally occurring continual renewal makes them inexhaustible. However, alternative energy sources are exhaustible, and therefore not renewable. That’s the difference ! The equipment necessary to harness energy from alternative sources used to be so expensive that it wasn’t practical for consumer use. However, thanks to increased demand, more experienced energy developers, competitive supply chains, improved renewable technologies, and enhanced energy efficiency capabilities, that’s no longer the case. When it comes to energy efficiency, the leader of the renewable energy pack is wind energy. Behind wind comes geothermal energy, hydropower, nuclear energy, and then solar power. Wind power serves both individuals and entire communities. It is versatile, and can be produced from small-scale windmills or wind turbines on residential properties. It can also be produced from large-scale offshore wind farms in the ocean. We generate geothermal power by tapping into underground reservoirs of hot water and steam. Geothermal electricity can directly heat and cool buildings. Generated from the energy of moving water, hydroelectricity (also known as hydropower) is produced when water behind a dam causes turbine blades to move as it flows through an intake. The turbine blades then rotate a generator to produce electricity that is sent to power homes. Nuclear energy is created in the form of heat through the fission process of atoms. The initial fission process creates energy and triggers a chain reaction that repeats the process and generates more energy. In nuclear power plants, the heat that fission produces creates steam. The steam then rotates a turbine, which leads to the production of electricity. Solar power most commonly refers to the use of solar cells to create energy. On a small scale, you may see a few solar panels on a house roof used to produce energy for just that one home. On a larger scale, you may see a solar farm used as a power plant to produce electricity for its consumers. Based on the reading of the passage, examine, in about 40 words, the difference between geothermal electricity and hydroelectricity.

    How the model answer begins

    1. Geothermal electricity is generated by tapping into underground reservoirs of hot water and steam, which can directly heat and cool buildings.

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12. Q12Very short answer2 marksAsked: 2024

    Mango (Mangifera indica) is Asia’s most popular fruit, and it has gained popularity around the world. It has long been a component of culture and religion as a useful and tasty fruit. In addition to taste, it has many good qualities thus making it to be called as “King of Fruits”. Major mango-growing states in India include Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Bihar, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are the leading states in mango production. Mango is grown in an area of 5.58 million hectares of area in the world. India is the largest producer of mangoes with 46.02 and 45.88 percent of the total world area and production, respectively. However, India being the major shareholder in terms of mango production, exports only 0.52% of its total production indicating the huge gap in exporting of mangoes. Peru exports about 46%, Thailand 24%, Mexico 18% and Brazil 11% of their total mango production. These countries are the bigger challenges for Indian mango exports. Hence, efforts are needed to evolve cheap transportation mechanism, increase the trade agreements with major importing countries and enhance the productivity. The top importing country is United States of America, however India exports only two percent of its total exports to the USA. The USA, European countries, the UK, Malaysia and Russia can be the other hotspots where India can target to export the mangoes. The critical issue for exporting to the USA is transportation cost (due to sea route distance) and limited shelf life of mango, while for Europe transportation costs as well as competition by African countries are the major hurdles. The following chart shows the major export destinations of Indian mangoes in 2019-20 : Table : Major Export Destination of Indian Mangoes in 2019-20 : S. No. Country Percentage 1. U.S.A. 2 2. Kuwait 2 3. Saudi Arabia 3 4. Qatar 6 5. Bangladesh 6 6. Oman 7 7. U.K. 9 8. Nepal 24 9. United Arab Emirates 33 10. Bahrain 2 11. Others 6 (Adapted for academic usage.) Justify the following in about 40 words : India being the major shareholder in terms of mango production, exports only 0.52% of its total production.

    How the model answer begins

    1. India lacks a cheap transportation mechanism. The long sea route makes transport costly, and the short shelf life of mangoes adds to the problem.

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13. Q13Very short answer2 marksAsked: 2024

    Mango (Mangifera indica) is Asia’s most popular fruit, and it has gained popularity around the world. It has long been a component of culture and religion as a useful and tasty fruit. In addition to taste, it has many good qualities thus making it to be called as “King of Fruits”. Major mango-growing states in India include Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Bihar, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are the leading states in mango production. Mango is grown in an area of 5.58 million hectares of area in the world. India is the largest producer of mangoes with 46.02 and 45.88 percent of the total world area and production, respectively. However, India being the major shareholder in terms of mango production, exports only 0.52% of its total production indicating the huge gap in exporting of mangoes. Peru exports about 46%, Thailand 24%, Mexico 18% and Brazil 11% of their total mango production. These countries are the bigger challenges for Indian mango exports. Hence, efforts are needed to evolve cheap transportation mechanism, increase the trade agreements with major importing countries and enhance the productivity. The top importing country is United States of America, however India exports only two percent of its total exports to the USA. The USA, European countries, the UK, Malaysia and Russia can be the other hotspots where India can target to export the mangoes. The critical issue for exporting to the USA is transportation cost (due to sea route distance) and limited shelf life of mango, while for Europe transportation costs as well as competition by African countries are the major hurdles. The following chart shows the major export destinations of Indian mangoes in 2019-20 : Table : Major Export Destination of Indian Mangoes in 2019-20 : S. No. Country Percentage 1. U.S.A. 2 2. Kuwait 2 3. Saudi Arabia 3 4. Qatar 6 5. Bangladesh 6 6. Oman 7 7. U.K. 9 8. Nepal 24 9. United Arab Emirates 33 10. Bahrain 2 11. Others 6 (Adapted for academic usage.) Why is India described as the largest producer of mangoes in the world ? (Answer in about 40 words.)

    How the model answer begins

    1. India is the largest producer of mangoes because it holds 46.02 percent of the total world area under mango cultivation.

    The full answer from Medha Ma’am →
14. Q14Very short answer2 marksAsked: 2024

    (1) The words probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics may sound like variations of the same thing, but what a difference a prefix makes. The first is a category of health-promoting microbes. The latter two groups are types of beneficial molecules. But all three biotics are critical for supporting the community of microscopic organisms that live in the gastrointestinal tract, known as the gut microbiome. With both beneficial and harmful bacteria living in the human body, these diet-related factors — the biotics — help tip the balance in the positive direction. It is important to understand their differences, as you’ll see, because each of these factors serves a distinct purpose, even as they work together. (2) Despite their importance for the gut microbiome, the health benefits of these ‘biotics’, which are present in certain foods or result from their metabolism, extend beyond the digestive tract. A growing body of scientific evidence has linked prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics, with improvements in metabolic diseases — including obesity and cholesterol abnormalities — depressive symptoms and poor sleep quality, among many other conditions. (3) Besides promoting general gut health, consuming food rich in probiotics can improve irritable bowel syndrome and antibiotic-related diarrhea, prevent traveller’s diarrhea, produce vitamins and increase nutrient absorption, and decrease the risk of common infections. In fact, when consumed regularly, probiotics have been found to reduce the occurrence of upper respiratory tract infections (like the common cold). (4) Many different types of beneficial bacteria are considered probiotics. The most common ones include Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, of which there are dozens of strains. “You have to match what it is you’re concerned about with the probiotic you should use,” says Gregor Reid. Many different types of beneficial bacteria are considered probiotics. (5) Some foods, such as yogurt, kefir, kimchee, and fermented soybeans and kombucha naturally contain probiotics. But here’s where things get complicated: not all fermented foods or yogurts contain probiotics, Reid says. As a consumer, a good starting point is to look for the phrase “contains live and active cultures” on the label; it’s even better if specific strains of bacteria are listed, because then you’ll know you’re getting the right stuff. (6) Simply put, prebiotics are sources of food for those beneficial microbes — the probiotics. They are typically a form of carbohydrate or fiber that we don’t have the enzymes to digest. As a result, they move through the digestive tract to the intestine, where beneficial bacteria (probiotics) can feast on them. (7) When you consume foods that are rich in probiotics and prebiotics, the microbes in your gut consume the undigestible prebiotic fiber and produce bioactive compounds called postbiotics. They are ultimately the endgame that we want — they affect how our gut operates and keeps the good bacteria there and the bad bacteria out. According to the writer, health benefits of all the ‘biotics’ extend beyond the digestive tract. Rationalise your response in about 40 words.

15. Q15Very short answer2 marksAsked: 2024

    The table below shows foreign travel by Indians for different purposes from 2019 to 2022. Justify the following in about 40 words. After being cooped up inside their houses for more than two years, Indians are now excited about being able to travel internationally.

    How the model answer begins

    1. A survey says that 51 percent of Indian travellers believe that international travel remains an important means of expanding their horizons and connecting with other cultures.

    The full answer from Medha Ma’am →
16. Q16Very short answer2 marksAsked: 2024

    The table below shows foreign travel by Indians for different purposes from 2019 to 2022. Why are students today choosing to go abroad to study ? (Answer in about 40 words.)

    How the model answer begins

    1. Students go abroad because foreign universities offer better quality education, world-class infrastructure and advanced research facilities that are often not available at home.

    The full answer from Medha Ma’am →
17. Q17Very short answer2 marksAsked: 2024

    Fossil fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas) are our most traditional sources for power generation. The energy that’s produced from any source other than fossil fuels is termed as alternative energy. Between the two sources, using alternative energy has a lower environmental impact. We now know that alternative energy sources are the sources we use to supplement or even replace traditional energy sources used for power generation. You could almost say the same thing about renewable energy sources. But there is one subtle difference between the two. All renewable energy sources fall under the category of alternative energy sources, but it doesn’t work the other way around. That’s because renewable energy sources are derived from naturally replenished sources or processes of Earth, such as the sun, wind, and water. We refer to these resources as renewable or sustainable since, unlike fossil fuels, this naturally occurring continual renewal makes them inexhaustible. However, alternative energy sources are exhaustible, and therefore not renewable. That’s the difference ! The equipment necessary to harness energy from alternative sources used to be so expensive that it wasn’t practical for consumer use. However, thanks to increased demand, more experienced energy developers, competitive supply chains, improved renewable technologies, and enhanced energy efficiency capabilities, that’s no longer the case. When it comes to energy efficiency, the leader of the renewable energy pack is wind energy. Behind wind comes geothermal energy, hydropower, nuclear energy, and then solar power. Wind power serves both individuals and entire communities. It is versatile, and can be produced from small-scale windmills or wind turbines on residential properties. It can also be produced from large-scale offshore wind farms in the ocean. We generate geothermal power by tapping into underground reservoirs of hot water and steam. Geothermal electricity can directly heat and cool buildings. Generated from the energy of moving water, hydroelectricity (also known as hydropower) is produced when water behind a dam causes turbine blades to move as it flows through an intake. The turbine blades then rotate a generator to produce electricity that is sent to power homes. Nuclear energy is created in the form of heat through the fission process of atoms. The initial fission process creates energy and triggers a chain reaction that repeats the process and generates more energy. In nuclear power plants, the heat that fission produces creates steam. The steam then rotates a turbine, which leads to the production of electricity. Solar power most commonly refers to the use of solar cells to create energy. On a small scale, you may see a few solar panels on a house roof used to produce energy for just that one home. On a larger scale, you may see a solar farm used as a power plant to produce electricity for its consumers. What is the tone of the writer in the given lines from para (4) ? Rationalise your response in about 40 words. "However, thanks to increased demand, more experienced energy developers, competitive supply chains, improved renewable technologies, and enhanced energy efficiency capabilities, that’s no longer the case".

    How the model answer begins

    1. The tone of the writer is optimistic and positive. He is hopeful because alternative energy equipment, once too expensive for consumers, is now practical and affordable. Increased demand, experienced developers,…

    The full answer from Medha Ma’am →
18. Q18Very short answer2 marksAsked: 2024

    Plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing environmental issues, as rapidly increasing production of disposable plastic products overwhelms the world’s ability to deal with them. Plastic pollution is most visible in developing Asian and African nations, where garbage collection systems are often inefficient or nonexistent. But the developed world, especially in countries with low recycling rates, also has trouble properly collecting discarded plastics. Plastic trash has become so ubiquitous that it has prompted efforts to write a global treaty negotiated by the United Nations. Plastics made from fossil fuels are just over a century old. Production and development of thousands of new plastic products accelerated after World War II. It transformed the modern age so much that life without plastics is unrecognizable today. Plastics revolutionized medicine with life-saving devices, made space travel possible, lightened cars and jets — saving fuel and pollution — and saved lives with helmets, incubators, and equipment for clean drinking water. The conveniences plastics offer, however, led to a throw-away culture that reveals the material’s dark side : today, single-use plastics account for 40 percent of the plastic produced every year. Many of these products, such as plastic bags and food wrappers, have a lifespan of mere minutes to hours, yet they may persist in the environment for hundreds of years. Most of the plastic trash in the oceans, Earth’s last sink, flows from land. Trash is also carried to sea by major rivers, which act as conveyor belts, picking up more and more trash as they move downstream. Once at sea, much of the plastic trash remains in coastal waters. But once caught up in ocean currents, it can be transported around the world. Millions of animals are killed by plastics every year, from birds to fish to other marine organisms. Nearly 700 species, including endangered ones, are known to have been affected by plastics. Nearly every species of seabirds eats plastics. Most of the deaths of animals are caused by entanglement or starvation. Seals, whales, turtles, and other animals are strangled by abandoned fishing gear or discarded six-pack rings. The solution is to prevent plastic waste from entering rivers and seas in the first place, many scientists and conservationists — including the National Geographic Society — say. This could be accomplished with improved waste management systems and recycling, better product design that takes into account the short life of disposable packaging, and reduction in manufacturing of unnecessary single-use plastics. What is the tone of the writer in the given lines from paragraph 2 ? Rationalise your response in about 40 words. ‘It transformed the modern age so much that life without plastics is unrecognizable today.’

    How the model answer begins

    1. The tone of the writer in these lines is appreciative (admiring).

    The full answer from Medha Ma’am →
19. Q19Very short answer1 markAsked: 2026

    Pancakes, a beloved breakfast dish across the world, has a surprisingly long and diverse history. Archaeological evidence shows that people were cooking pancake as food as far back as 30,000 years ago on hot stones and primitive griddles. In ancient Greece and Rome, pancakes were made from wheat flour, olive oil, honey, and curdled milk. They were often served as a sweet treat during festivals or special occasions. In medieval Europe, pancakes became a popular dish during Shrove Tuesday, the day before Lent began. In France, thin crepes became a national delicacy, often filled with sweet or savoury ingredients. In Russia, blinis were made using buckwheat flour and served with sour cream or caviar. In Ethiopia, the spongy injera became a staple food, made from teff flour and used as both a plate and utensil. Similarly, in China, pancakes are often savoury while in Japan, fluffy “soufflé pancakes” have become a modern favourite. The American version of pancakes, thick and soft, gained popularity in the 18th century. The use of baking powder made them light and airy, and they were often served with butter and maple syrup – a symbol of hearty comfort food. Over time, pancakes became a universal dish, symbolizing community and celebration. Whether sweet or savoury, thick or thin, every culture has found a way to adapt this simple food to its own taste and traditions. India has its own rich tradition of similar dishes that have been enjoyed for centuries. Across the country, almost every region has a version of a pancake – whether sweet or savoury – made from grains, pulses, or rice. These Indian pancakes not only satisfy hunger but also reflect the diversity of India’s culinary culture. In South India, dosas and adai are the most famous forms of pancakes. Made from a fermented batter of rice and lentils, dosas are crisp and light, while adai is thicker and more filling. The fermentation process adds a unique sour flavor and makes them nutritious and easy to digest. In Kerala, the appam, made with fermented rice batter and coconut milk, is soft in the center and crispy at the edges. Moving north, we find the western style cheela, a simple and wholesome Indian pancake made from gram flour, spiced with onions, chillies and coriander. In Maharashtra, the thalipeeth is a multigrain pancake that uses flours like jowar, bajra and rice mixed with spices and vegetables. It is both flavorful and filling, providing a good balance of carbohydrates and proteins. In the eastern parts of India, pitha is a traditional pancake made during festivals and special occasions. Varieties like patishapta in Bengal are sweet, filled with coconut and jaggery. In Assam and Odisha, pithas can be steamed, fried, or roasted, depending on the custom and region. In the western deserts of Rajasthan and Gujarat, people prepare chilla and handvo, which are savoury western pancake-like dishes baked in traditional ovens. These pancakes are a blank canvas for toppings, waiting for a splash of fruit or a scattering of condiments. Today, pancakes continue to evolve with new recipes, from vegan and gluten-free varieties to those infused with fruits, oats, or even protein powder. Despite their many forms, they remain a timeless reminder of how food connects mankind through shared history and creativity. Each pancake tells a story of regional identity, food traditions and a deep love for food that brings people together. Pancakes are warm, edible hugs that are a perfect comfort on a bleak day. In paragraph 1, what does the phrase ‘has a surprisingly long and diverse history’ mean ?

20. Q20Very short answer1 markAsked: 2026

    (1) The craze for cosmetics has escalated globally, driven by evolving beauty standards and social media influence. The cosmetics industry thrives on innovation, offering various products catering to various skin types and preferences. In India, the cosmetics industry has witnessed a remarkable growth over the past decade, driven by rising ‘disposable incomes’, increased urbanization, and changing lifestyles. In contemporary times, people are more aware about their personal grooming. (2) In the year 2024, the Indian cosmetics market generated revenue of approximately ₹ 1,34,000 crore and is projected to reach around ₹ 2,40,000 crore by 2028. This robust performance is driven as a result of strong e-commerce and growing demand for organic and premium product offerings due to increasing awareness of personal grooming, skin care routines among consumers, especially teenagers and young adults, who are the dominant demographic in cosmetics purchase, as they seek trendy and innovative solutions. (3) The cosmetics industry is broadly divided into various segments such as skin care, hair care, colour cosmetics, fragrances, and personal hygiene products. Skincare leads the segments, accounting for nearly 35% of the market, followed by hair care at 25%. Colour cosmetics — including make-up products have seen significant growth, especially post-pandemic, due to the rise of e-commerce and social media. E-commerce platforms have played a crucial role in expanding access to cosmetics especially in Tier II and Tier III cities. In fact, online sales contribute to around 25% of total cosmetics sales in India. (4) Over and above that, men’s grooming has emerged as a significant segment, valued at around ₹ 25,000 crore in the year 2024 with increasing demand for beard care, skin care and fragrances customized to men. This growth is fuelled by social media influencers, coupled with the increase of gender-neutral cosmetic formulations. This shows an aspirational pursuit of personal refinement, where appearance augments confidence, dismantling archaic stereotypes associated with male cosmetics consumption. (5) Though the cosmetics industry plays a vital role in the Indian economy, it faces several challenges including managing intense competition, complying with regulations, ensuring product quality, and addressing ethical sourcing concerns. In addition, the industry struggles with copied products, adapting to changing consumer preferences and navigating the complexities of the supply chain. Complete the sentence with a reason : The global demand for beauty products has intensified because of _________.

37 more questions of this chapter, each with its model answer, in the Ask Medha app.

Objective questions with the board’s key (10)

1. 1. CBSE 2026

   Pancakes, a beloved breakfast dish across the world, has a surprisingly long and diverse history. Archaeological evidence shows that people were cooking pancake as food as far back as 30,000 years ago on hot stones and primitive griddles. In ancient Greece and Rome, pancakes were made from wheat flour, olive oil, honey, and curdled milk. They were often served as a sweet treat during festivals or special occasions. In medieval Europe, pancakes became a popular dish during Shrove Tuesday, the day before Lent began. In France, thin crepes became a national delicacy, often filled with sweet or savoury ingredients. In Russia, blinis were made using buckwheat flour and served with sour cream or caviar. In Ethiopia, the spongy injera became a staple food, made from teff flour and used as both a plate and utensil. Similarly, in China, pancakes are often savoury while in Japan, fluffy “soufflé pancakes” have become a modern favourite. The American version of pancakes, thick and soft, gained popularity in the 18th century. The use of baking powder made them light and airy, and they were often served with butter and maple syrup – a symbol of hearty comfort food. Over time, pancakes became a universal dish, symbolizing community and celebration. Whether sweet or savoury, thick or thin, every culture has found a way to adapt this simple food to its own taste and traditions. India has its own rich tradition of similar dishes that have been enjoyed for centuries. Across the country, almost every region has a version of a pancake – whether sweet or savoury – made from grains, pulses, or rice. These Indian pancakes not only satisfy hunger but also reflect the diversity of India’s culinary culture. In South India, dosas and adai are the most famous forms of pancakes. Made from a fermented batter of rice and lentils, dosas are crisp and light, while adai is thicker and more filling. The fermentation process adds a unique sour flavor and makes them nutritious and easy to digest. In Kerala, the appam, made with fermented rice batter and coconut milk, is soft in the center and crispy at the edges. Moving north, we find the western style cheela, a simple and wholesome Indian pancake made from gram flour, spiced with onions, chillies and coriander. In Maharashtra, the thalipeeth is a multigrain pancake that uses flours like jowar, bajra and rice mixed with spices and vegetables. It is both flavorful and filling, providing a good balance of carbohydrates and proteins. In the eastern parts of India, pitha is a traditional pancake made during festivals and special occasions. Varieties like patishapta in Bengal are sweet, filled with coconut and jaggery. In Assam and Odisha, pithas can be steamed, fried, or roasted, depending on the custom and region. In the western deserts of Rajasthan and Gujarat, people prepare chilla and handvo, which are savoury western pancake-like dishes baked in traditional ovens. These pancakes are a blank canvas for toppings, waiting for a splash of fruit or a scattering of condiments. Today, pancakes continue to evolve with new recipes, from vegan and gluten-free varieties to those infused with fruits, oats, or even protein powder. Despite their many forms, they remain a timeless reminder of how food connects mankind through shared history and creativity. Each pancake tells a story of regional identity, food traditions and a deep love for food that brings people together. Pancakes are warm, edible hugs that are a perfect comfort on a bleak day. The writer mentions ‘fermentation process’. Based on the information given in the passage, which of the following pancakes are made from the fermentation process ? (A) Dosa and appam (B) Chilla and thalipeeth (C) Blinis and soufflé (D) Pitha and patishapta

   • (A) Dosa and appam ✓
   • (B) Chilla and thalipeeth
   • (C) Blinis and soufflé
   • (D) Pitha and patishapta

   Answer: (A)

2. 2. CBSE 2026

   Pancakes, a beloved breakfast dish across the world, has a surprisingly long and diverse history. Archaeological evidence shows that people were cooking pancake as food as far back as 30,000 years ago on hot stones and primitive griddles. In ancient Greece and Rome, pancakes were made from wheat flour, olive oil, honey, and curdled milk. They were often served as a sweet treat during festivals or special occasions. In medieval Europe, pancakes became a popular dish during Shrove Tuesday, the day before Lent began. In France, thin crepes became a national delicacy, often filled with sweet or savoury ingredients. In Russia, blinis were made using buckwheat flour and served with sour cream or caviar. In Ethiopia, the spongy injera became a staple food, made from teff flour and used as both a plate and utensil. Similarly, in China, pancakes are often savoury while in Japan, fluffy “soufflé pancakes” have become a modern favourite. The American version of pancakes, thick and soft, gained popularity in the 18th century. The use of baking powder made them light and airy, and they were often served with butter and maple syrup – a symbol of hearty comfort food. Over time, pancakes became a universal dish, symbolizing community and celebration. Whether sweet or savoury, thick or thin, every culture has found a way to adapt this simple food to its own taste and traditions. India has its own rich tradition of similar dishes that have been enjoyed for centuries. Across the country, almost every region has a version of a pancake – whether sweet or savoury – made from grains, pulses, or rice. These Indian pancakes not only satisfy hunger but also reflect the diversity of India’s culinary culture. In South India, dosas and adai are the most famous forms of pancakes. Made from a fermented batter of rice and lentils, dosas are crisp and light, while adai is thicker and more filling. The fermentation process adds a unique sour flavor and makes them nutritious and easy to digest. In Kerala, the appam, made with fermented rice batter and coconut milk, is soft in the center and crispy at the edges. Moving north, we find the western style cheela, a simple and wholesome Indian pancake made from gram flour, spiced with onions, chillies and coriander. In Maharashtra, the thalipeeth is a multigrain pancake that uses flours like jowar, bajra and rice mixed with spices and vegetables. It is both flavorful and filling, providing a good balance of carbohydrates and proteins. In the eastern parts of India, pitha is a traditional pancake made during festivals and special occasions. Varieties like patishapta in Bengal are sweet, filled with coconut and jaggery. In Assam and Odisha, pithas can be steamed, fried, or roasted, depending on the custom and region. In the western deserts of Rajasthan and Gujarat, people prepare chilla and handvo, which are savoury western pancake-like dishes baked in traditional ovens. These pancakes are a blank canvas for toppings, waiting for a splash of fruit or a scattering of condiments. Today, pancakes continue to evolve with new recipes, from vegan and gluten-free varieties to those infused with fruits, oats, or even protein powder. Despite their many forms, they remain a timeless reminder of how food connects mankind through shared history and creativity. Each pancake tells a story of regional identity, food traditions and a deep love for food that brings people together. Pancakes are warm, edible hugs that are a perfect comfort on a bleak day. The writer mentions ‘fermentation process’. Based on the information given in the passage, which of the following pancakes are made from the fermentation process ?

   • (A) Dosa and appam ✓
   • (B) Chilla and thalipeeth
   • (C) Blinis and soufflé
   • (D) Pitha and patishapta

   Answer: (A)

3. 3. CBSE 2026

   Pancakes, a beloved breakfast dish across the world, has a surprisingly long and diverse history. Archaeological evidence shows that people were cooking pancake as food as far back as 30,000 years ago on hot stones and primitive griddles. In ancient Greece and Rome, pancakes were made from wheat flour, olive oil, honey, and curdled milk. They were often served as a sweet treat during festivals or special occasions. In medieval Europe, pancakes became a popular dish during Shrove Tuesday, the day before Lent began. In France, thin crepes became a national delicacy, often filled with sweet or savoury ingredients. In Russia, blinis were made using buckwheat flour and served with sour cream or caviar. In Ethiopia, the spongy injera became a staple food, made from teff flour and used as both a plate and utensil. Similarly, in China, pancakes are often savoury while in Japan, fluffy “soufflé pancakes” have become a modern favourite. The American version of pancakes, thick and soft, gained popularity in the 18th century. The use of baking powder made them light and airy, and they were often served with butter and maple syrup – a symbol of hearty comfort food. Over time, pancakes became a universal dish, symbolizing community and celebration. Whether sweet or savoury, thick or thin, every culture has found a way to adapt this simple food to its own taste and traditions. India has its own rich tradition of similar dishes that have been enjoyed for centuries. Across the country, almost every region has a version of a pancake – whether sweet or savoury – made from grains, pulses, or rice. These Indian pancakes not only satisfy hunger but also reflect the diversity of India’s culinary culture. In South India, dosas and adai are the most famous forms of pancakes. Made from a fermented batter of rice and lentils, dosas are crisp and light, while adai is thicker and more filling. The fermentation process adds a unique sour flavor and makes them nutritious and easy to digest. In Kerala, the appam, made with fermented rice batter and coconut milk, is soft in the center and crispy at the edges. Moving north, we find the western style cheela, a simple and wholesome Indian pancake made from gram flour, spiced with onions, chillies and coriander. In Maharashtra, the thalipeeth is a multigrain pancake that uses flours like jowar, bajra and rice mixed with spices and vegetables. It is both flavorful and filling, providing a good balance of carbohydrates and proteins. In the eastern parts of India, pitha is a traditional pancake made during festivals and special occasions. Varieties like patishapta in Bengal are sweet, filled with coconut and jaggery. In Assam and Odisha, pithas can be steamed, fried, or roasted, depending on the custom and region. In the western deserts of Rajasthan and Gujarat, people prepare chilla and handvo, which are savoury western pancake-like dishes baked in traditional ovens. These pancakes are a blank canvas for toppings, waiting for a splash of fruit or a scattering of condiments. Today, pancakes continue to evolve with new recipes, from vegan and gluten-free varieties to those infused with fruits, oats, or even protein powder. Despite their many forms, they remain a timeless reminder of how food connects mankind through shared history and creativity. Each pancake tells a story of regional identity, food traditions and a deep love for food that brings people together. Pancakes are warm, edible hugs that are a perfect comfort on a bleak day. Fill in the blank with the correct option from those given : In the line ‘warm, edible hugs that are a perfect comfort on a bleak day’ the phrase ‘warm, edible hugs’ refers to ________ .

   • (A) comfort food that provides a sense of emotional security ✓
   • (B) the pancake that represents the history of the region
   • (C) the choice of eating hot steaming pancakes
   • (D) the food that gives you energy

   Answer: (A)

4. 4. CBSE 2026

   (1) The craze for cosmetics has escalated globally, driven by evolving beauty standards and social media influence. The cosmetics industry thrives on innovation, offering various products catering to various skin types and preferences. In India, the cosmetics industry has witnessed a remarkable growth over the past decade, driven by rising ‘disposable incomes’, increased urbanization, and changing lifestyles. In contemporary times, people are more aware about their personal grooming. (2) In the year 2024, the Indian cosmetics market generated revenue of approximately ₹ 1,34,000 crore and is projected to reach around ₹ 2,40,000 crore by 2028. This robust performance is driven as a result of strong e-commerce and growing demand for organic and premium product offerings due to increasing awareness of personal grooming, skin care routines among consumers, especially teenagers and young adults, who are the dominant demographic in cosmetics purchase, as they seek trendy and innovative solutions. (3) The cosmetics industry is broadly divided into various segments such as skin care, hair care, colour cosmetics, fragrances, and personal hygiene products. Skincare leads the segments, accounting for nearly 35% of the market, followed by hair care at 25%. Colour cosmetics — including make-up products have seen significant growth, especially post-pandemic, due to the rise of e-commerce and social media. E-commerce platforms have played a crucial role in expanding access to cosmetics especially in Tier II and Tier III cities. In fact, online sales contribute to around 25% of total cosmetics sales in India. (4) Over and above that, men’s grooming has emerged as a significant segment, valued at around ₹ 25,000 crore in the year 2024 with increasing demand for beard care, skin care and fragrances customized to men. This growth is fuelled by social media influencers, coupled with the increase of gender-neutral cosmetic formulations. This shows an aspirational pursuit of personal refinement, where appearance augments confidence, dismantling archaic stereotypes associated with male cosmetics consumption. (5) Though the cosmetics industry plays a vital role in the Indian economy, it faces several challenges including managing intense competition, complying with regulations, ensuring product quality, and addressing ethical sourcing concerns. In addition, the industry struggles with copied products, adapting to changing consumer preferences and navigating the complexities of the supply chain. What does the phrase ‘thrives on innovation’ tell us about the cosmetic industry ?

   • (A) The industry is slow-growing.
   • (B) The industry is growing and evolving by the day. ✓
   • (C) The industry is becoming popular in rural areas.
   • (D) The industry is gradually becoming more expensive.

   Answer: (B)

5. 5. CBSE 2026

   (1) The craze for cosmetics has escalated globally, driven by evolving beauty standards and social media influence. The cosmetics industry thrives on innovation, offering various products catering to various skin types and preferences. In India, the cosmetics industry has witnessed a remarkable growth over the past decade, driven by rising ‘disposable incomes’, increased urbanization, and changing lifestyles. In contemporary times, people are more aware about their personal grooming. (2) In the year 2024, the Indian cosmetics market generated revenue of approximately ₹ 1,34,000 crore and is projected to reach around ₹ 2,40,000 crore by 2028. This robust performance is driven as a result of strong e-commerce and growing demand for organic and premium product offerings due to increasing awareness of personal grooming, skin care routines among consumers, especially teenagers and young adults, who are the dominant demographic in cosmetics purchase, as they seek trendy and innovative solutions. (3) The cosmetics industry is broadly divided into various segments such as skin care, hair care, colour cosmetics, fragrances, and personal hygiene products. Skincare leads the segments, accounting for nearly 35% of the market, followed by hair care at 25%. Colour cosmetics — including make-up products have seen significant growth, especially post-pandemic, due to the rise of e-commerce and social media. E-commerce platforms have played a crucial role in expanding access to cosmetics especially in Tier II and Tier III cities. In fact, online sales contribute to around 25% of total cosmetics sales in India. (4) Over and above that, men’s grooming has emerged as a significant segment, valued at around ₹ 25,000 crore in the year 2024 with increasing demand for beard care, skin care and fragrances customized to men. This growth is fuelled by social media influencers, coupled with the increase of gender-neutral cosmetic formulations. This shows an aspirational pursuit of personal refinement, where appearance augments confidence, dismantling archaic stereotypes associated with male cosmetics consumption. (5) Though the cosmetics industry plays a vital role in the Indian economy, it faces several challenges including managing intense competition, complying with regulations, ensuring product quality, and addressing ethical sourcing concerns. In addition, the industry struggles with copied products, adapting to changing consumer preferences and navigating the complexities of the supply chain. What does the phrase ‘thrives on innovation’ tell us about the cosmetic industry ?

   • (A) The industry is slow-growing.
   • (B) The industry is growing and evolving by the day. ✓
   • (C) The industry is becoming popular in rural areas.
   • (D) The industry is gradually becoming more expensive.

   Answer: (B)

6. 6. CBSE 2026

   (1) The craze for cosmetics has escalated globally, driven by evolving beauty standards and social media influence. The cosmetics industry thrives on innovation, offering various products catering to various skin types and preferences. In India, the cosmetics industry has witnessed a remarkable growth over the past decade, driven by rising ‘disposable incomes’, increased urbanization, and changing lifestyles. In contemporary times, people are more aware about their personal grooming. (2) In the year 2024, the Indian cosmetics market generated revenue of approximately ₹ 1,34,000 crore and is projected to reach around ₹ 2,40,000 crore by 2028. This robust performance is driven as a result of strong e-commerce and growing demand for organic and premium product offerings due to increasing awareness of personal grooming, skin care routines among consumers, especially teenagers and young adults, who are the dominant demographic in cosmetics purchase, as they seek trendy and innovative solutions. (3) The cosmetics industry is broadly divided into various segments such as skin care, hair care, colour cosmetics, fragrances, and personal hygiene products. Skincare leads the segments, accounting for nearly 35% of the market, followed by hair care at 25%. Colour cosmetics — including make-up products have seen significant growth, especially post-pandemic, due to the rise of e-commerce and social media. E-commerce platforms have played a crucial role in expanding access to cosmetics especially in Tier II and Tier III cities. In fact, online sales contribute to around 25% of total cosmetics sales in India. (4) Over and above that, men’s grooming has emerged as a significant segment, valued at around ₹ 25,000 crore in the year 2024 with increasing demand for beard care, skin care and fragrances customized to men. This growth is fuelled by social media influencers, coupled with the increase of gender-neutral cosmetic formulations. This shows an aspirational pursuit of personal refinement, where appearance augments confidence, dismantling archaic stereotypes associated with male cosmetics consumption. (5) Though the cosmetics industry plays a vital role in the Indian economy, it faces several challenges including managing intense competition, complying with regulations, ensuring product quality, and addressing ethical sourcing concerns. In addition, the industry struggles with copied products, adapting to changing consumer preferences and navigating the complexities of the supply chain. Select the option that is true for the Assertion and Reason given below. Assertion : The Indian cosmetics market generated a profit of approximately ₹ 1,34,000 crore in 2024. Reason : It became possible due to strong e-commerce and growing demand for organic and premium product offerings.

   • (A) Both the Assertion and the Reason are true, and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion. ✓
   • (B) Both the Assertion and the Reason are true, but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.
   • (C) The Assertion is true, but the Reason is false.
   • (D) The Assertion is false, but the Reason is true.

   Answer: (A)

7. 7. CBSE 2026

   In the contemporary digital era, personal information has become both a resource and a vulnerability. One of the most alarming practices exploiting this sensitivity is doxing, the deliberate act of publicly revealing private or sensitive information about an individual without their consent. It typically blurs the boundaries between online and offline privacy by disclosing personal details such as phone numbers, home addresses, workplace details or financial records on public platforms, making the digital and physical worlds collide. In the complex landscape of digital communication, doxing emerges as a controversial phenomenon which is often weaponized to frighten, harass, or harm the targeted individual. This leads to anxiety, stress, fear or paranoia as their sense of personal safety and control over their life is severely compromised. A determined doxer might scrape information from various social networking profiles, domain name records or exploit security lapses like weak passwords. Once gathered, this information is shared on public forums, social media, or ‘dox sites’, expanding the victim’s exposure to harassment, stalking, or even physical threats. This darker side of doxing reveals its true dangers. What makes it particularly treacherous is that once the information is released online, it is almost impossible to erase, making the harm sometimes lifelong. Legally, it occupies a grey area. In some jurisdictions it may violate privacy, cyberstalking or harassment laws, but global differences and the Internet’s borderless nature complicate enforcement. Ethically, doxing is a clear violation of personal autonomy. It disproportionately harms marginalized groups, who often face accelerated real-world risks from such exposures. Proponents of doxing sometimes claim it promotes justice by exposing individuals who might otherwise escape accountability. For instance, in some cases of online scams or criminal behaviour, Internet users have identified and revealed the real identities of offenders. Moreover, when individuals misuse their anonymity to harm others, exposing them may serve justice and discourage similar behaviour in future. Defending against doxing demands proactive, preventive and corrective measures like locking down social media privacy settings, using pseudonyms, enabling two-factor authentication, and minimizing shared personal data. However, individual efforts are often insufficient against determined attackers, though certain systematic solutions such as stricter data protection regulations, robust platform moderation and criminalizing doxing explicitly may play a vital role to curb its spread. In addition to this, public awareness campaigns on digital safety are equally important to educate users about risks. Victims should have access to legal aid, counselling and helplines for immediate support. A united effort may ensure better protection against this growing online threat. In the phrase ‘personal information has become both a resource and a vulnerability’, the word ‘vulnerability’ refers to :

   • (A) a person’s information being monitored.
   • (B) the potential to misuse or compromise a person’s data. ✓
   • (C) the sharing of information supports career contacts.
   • (D) all personal information is freely available for sanctioning of loans.

   Answer: (B)

8. 8. CBSE 2026

   (1) In the contemporary digital era, personal information has become both a resource and a vulnerability. One of the most alarming practices exploiting this sensitivity is doxing, the deliberate act of publicly revealing private or sensitive information about an individual without their consent. It typically blurs the boundaries between online and offline privacy by disclosing personal details such as phone numbers, home addresses, workplace details or financial records on public platforms, making the digital and physical worlds collide. (2) In the complex landscape of digital communication, doxing emerges as a controversial phenomenon which is often weaponized to frighten, harass, or harm the targeted individual. This leads to anxiety, stress, fear or paranoia as their sense of personal safety and control over their life is severely compromised. A determined doxer might scrape information from various social networking profiles, domain name records or exploit security lapses like weak passwords. Once gathered, this information is shared on public forums, social media, or ‘dox sites’, expanding the victim’s exposure to harassment, stalking, or even physical threats. (3) This darker side of doxing reveals its true dangers. What makes it particularly treacherous is that once the information is released online, it is almost impossible to erase, making the harm sometimes lifelong. Legally, it occupies a grey area. In some jurisdictions it may violate privacy, cyberstalking or harassment laws, but global differences and the Internet’s borderless nature complicate enforcement. Ethically, doxing is a clear violation of personal autonomy. It disproportionately harms marginalized groups, who often face accelerated real-world risks from such exposures. (4) Proponents of doxing sometimes claim it promotes justice by exposing individuals who might otherwise escape accountability. For instance, in some cases of online scams or criminal behaviour, Internet users have identified and revealed the real identities of offenders. Moreover, when individuals misuse their anonymity to harm others, exposing them may serve justice and discourage similar behaviour in future. (5) Defending against doxing demands proactive, preventive and corrective measures like locking down social media privacy settings, using pseudonyms, enabling two-factor authentication, and minimizing shared personal data. However, individual efforts are often insufficient against determined attackers, though certain systematic solutions such as stricter data protection regulations, robust platform moderation and criminalizing doxing explicitly may play a vital role to curb its spread. In addition to this, public awareness campaigns on digital safety are equally important to educate users about risks. Victims should have access to legal aid, counselling and helplines for immediate support. A united effort may ensure better protection against this growing online threat. In the phrase ‘personal information has become both a resource and a vulnerability’, the word ‘vulnerability’ refers to :

   • (A) a person’s information being monitored.
   • (B) the potential to misuse or compromise a person’s data. ✓
   • (C) the sharing of information supports career contacts.
   • (D) all personal information is freely available for sanctioning of loans.

   Answer: (B)

9. 9. CBSE 2026

   (1) In the contemporary digital era, personal information has become both a resource and a vulnerability. One of the most alarming practices exploiting this sensitivity is doxing, the deliberate act of publicly revealing private or sensitive information about an individual without their consent. It typically blurs the boundaries between online and offline privacy by disclosing personal details such as phone numbers, home addresses, workplace details or financial records on public platforms, making the digital and physical worlds collide. (2) In the complex landscape of digital communication, doxing emerges as a controversial phenomenon which is often weaponized to frighten, harass, or harm the targeted individual. This leads to anxiety, stress, fear or paranoia as their sense of personal safety and control over their life is severely compromised. A determined doxer might scrape information from various social networking profiles, domain name records or exploit security lapses like weak passwords. Once gathered, this information is shared on public forums, social media, or ‘dox sites’, expanding the victim’s exposure to harassment, stalking, or even physical threats. (3) This darker side of doxing reveals its true dangers. What makes it particularly treacherous is that once the information is released online, it is almost impossible to erase, making the harm sometimes lifelong. Legally, it occupies a grey area. In some jurisdictions it may violate privacy, cyberstalking or harassment laws, but global differences and the Internet’s borderless nature complicate enforcement. Ethically, doxing is a clear violation of personal autonomy. It disproportionately harms marginalized groups, who often face accelerated real-world risks from such exposures. (4) Proponents of doxing sometimes claim it promotes justice by exposing individuals who might otherwise escape accountability. For instance, in some cases of online scams or criminal behaviour, Internet users have identified and revealed the real identities of offenders. Moreover, when individuals misuse their anonymity to harm others, exposing them may serve justice and discourage similar behaviour in future. (5) Defending against doxing demands proactive, preventive and corrective measures like locking down social media privacy settings, using pseudonyms, enabling two-factor authentication, and minimizing shared personal data. However, individual efforts are often insufficient against determined attackers, though certain systematic solutions such as stricter data protection regulations, robust platform moderation and criminalizing doxing explicitly may play a vital role to curb its spread. In addition to this, public awareness campaigns on digital safety are equally important to educate users about risks. Victims should have access to legal aid, counselling and helplines for immediate support. A united effort may ensure better protection against this growing online threat. The negative and dangerous aspect of doxing is :

   • (A) It is easy to delete the information once posted online.
   • (B) It is impossible to erase the information once released online. ✓
   • (C) It is easily deleted and edited by the targeted individual.
   • (D) It is not possible for a doxer to leak information online.

   Answer: (B)

10. 10. CBSE 2026

    (1) A detailed study conducted across various industries and research sectors has shed light on the evolving landscape of artificial intelligence (AI). It revealed that nearly 70% of AI applications are developed by private tech companies, driven by innovation and market competition. About 20% stem from collaborations between academic institutions and industry leaders, fostering advancements in fields such as healthcare, finance, and transportation. (2) Interestingly, around 10% of AI initiatives are spearheaded by governmental or non-governmental organisations, often focussing on social welfare. These projects aim to address issues like disaster prediction, agricultural efficiency, and public health monitoring. (3) Among the AI applications, approximately 45% focus on automation, improving productivity and reducing operational cost. Around 30% cater to predictive analytics, aiding in decision-making processes in domains such as finance and weather forecasting. The remaining 25% revolve around interactive AI, such as chatbots and virtual assistants, enhancing user engagement and accessibility. (4) Further analysis indicates that about 60% of AI implementations are found in urban areas, particularly in tech hubs and metropolitan cities. Around 30% are applied in industrial zones, enhancing manufacturing and logistics. The remaining 10% serve rural and underserved regions, supporting initiatives like digital literacy, healthcare access and agricultural support. (5) Comparisons across parameters such as ethical concerns, accessibility, industry-specific applications, and societal impact reveal AI’s potential for transformative change. This analysis not only highlights the widespread adoption of AI but also underscores the need for inclusive and sustainable development in the field. What does the use of the phrase "evolving landscape of artificial intelligence" in paragraph 1 suggest ?

    • (A) disinterest
    • (B) progress and development ✓
    • (C) frustration
    • (D) confusion

    Answer: (B)

Questions parents and students ask

How many marks does "Case-based factual passage" carry in CBSE Class 10 English?

In the CBSE papers of 2023–2026, this chapter carried about 16 marks and about 11 questions a year; by marks it ranks 1 in English.

Which are the most important (VVI) questions of "Case-based factual passage"?

The 20 questions above are from the board’s real papers, each with the years it was asked; the most-asked come first with their full model answers. All 57 written questions of this chapter, with answers, are in the Ask Medha app.

Do the answers follow the board’s marking scheme?

Yes. CBSE publishes its marking schemes; every model answer here is written point by point to the marks the board’s own scheme gives, and checked by a second, independent model.