Chapter 2: Analytical paragraph

Important questions — the ones the board asked most (20)

1. Q1Long answer5 marksAsked: 2026

   Attempt any one from (a) and (b) given below in about 120 words : (a) Read the given details about sleep patterns and their effects. - restores energy - enhances immunity - promotes emotional well-being - benefits concentration and productivity - oversleep leads to fatigue, weight gain and irritability Analyse the details and write an analytical paragraph on the importance of sleep in maintaining physical health, mental well-being, and academic performance. OR (b) Read the following details : Kharif and Rabi crops play a pivotal role in agriculture in India. Analyze the data given below and write an analytical paragraph by drawing a comparison between the two.

   

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   Model answer · Analytical paragraph, importance of sleep

   (a) The Importance of Sleep Sleep is not a waste of time but a basic need for good health. The given details show that sleep affects our body, mind and studies. Physically, sound sleep restores the energy used during the day and enhances immunity, so the body fights illness better. Mentally, it promotes emotional well-being and keeps stress under control. Sleep also benefits concentration and productivity, which helps students learn quickly, remember lessons and perform well in examinations. However, the details also reveal that too much sleep is harmful. Oversleeping leads to fatigue, weight gain and irritability. Thus, the key lies in balance. In conclusion, regular and adequate sleep every night is essential for a healthy body, a calm mind and good academic results.

   • Use every given point in your paragraph, including the harmful effects of oversleeping.
   • Arrange the ideas under the three areas the question names: physical health, mental well-being and academic performance.
   • Begin with a short introduction, join the ideas with linkers like 'However' and 'Thus', and end with a clear conclusion.

   Marks split as in the board’s published marking scheme

2. Q2Long answer5 marksAsked: 2026

   (a) Read the given details of a fun zone designed for kids in a mall : • A multi-level jungle themed play area with climbing walls, tunnels, and slides. • A ball pit and trampoline section for younger kids. • A gaming zone with arcade machines and interactive screens. • Safety padding on all surfaces and trained staff for monitoring of activities. • A dedicated toddler zone with soft toys, mini slides, and sensory play stations. • A small cafeteria for parents with a view of the play area. Analyse the details and write an analytical paragraph in about 120 words on the suitability of this fun zone for kids in a mall. Focus on aspects such as safety, variety of activities, age – appropriateness, convenience for parents and overall experience. OR (b) Read the given details of a pre-school designed for young children : • Brightly coloured classrooms with themed decorations. • An outdoor grassy play area with slides, swings, and sand pits. • A sensory activity zone with toys for touch, sound, and visual stimulation. • Dedicated nap rooms with cozy beds and calming lights. • A library with picture books, story-telling corners, and interactive learning tools. • CCTV monitoring for safety and a nurse available for emergencies. Analyse the details and write an analytical paragraph in about 120 words about the suitability of this pre-school for young children. Focus on aspects such as safety, learning opportunities, comfort, inclusivity and overall environment.

   

   Medha Ma’am

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   Model answer · analytical paragraph, kids' fun zone

   Fun Zone for Kids: A Suitable Choice The fun zone in the mall is well suited to children. Safety gets top priority, with safety padding on all surfaces and trained staff to monitor activities. It offers a wide variety of activities: a multi-level jungle-themed play area with climbing walls, tunnels and slides, a ball pit, a trampoline section and a gaming zone with arcade machines and interactive screens. The facilities are also age-appropriate. Toddlers have a dedicated zone with soft toys, mini slides and sensory play stations, younger kids enjoy the ball pit and trampolines, and older children can use the climbing walls and the gaming zone. Parents can relax in the small cafeteria and watch their children from it. Overall, the fun zone offers a safe, varied and enjoyable experience for kids and is convenient for parents.

   Marks split from a structure derived from past papers (checked twice); not CBSE’s official scheme

3. Q3Short answer5 marksAsked: 2026

   Attempt any one from (A) and (B) given below : (A) The data given below shows how teenagers spend their daily screen time across different digital activities. | S. No. | Digital Activities | Percentage | | --- | --- | --- | | 1. | Social media | 35 | | 2. | Watching videos / streaming | 30 | | 3. | Gaming | 20 | | 4. | Online learning | 10 | | 5. | Others (browsing, reading news, etc.,) | 5 | Analyse the data provided and write a paragraph analyzing how teenagers allocate their daily screen time. Focus on the activity that occupies the largest proportion of time and on other major and minor activities in descending order, and on the balance between entertainment and educational screen use. Conclude with an observation about the overall trend. OR (B) Read the given details of a community library designed for your neighbourhood : [List of features provided] Analyse the details and write an analytical paragraph in about 120 words about the suitability of this library. Focus on factors such as accessibility, reading environment, suitability for different age groups, and community engagement.

   

   Medha Ma’am

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   Model answer · analytical paragraph, teenagers' screen time

   How Teenagers Spend Their Daily Screen Time The given table shows how teenagers divide their daily screen time among different digital activities. Social media takes the largest share, at 35 per cent. Watching videos and streaming comes second with 30 per cent, followed by gaming at 20 per cent. Online learning occupies only 10 per cent, while other activities such as browsing and reading news take the smallest share of 5 per cent. Taken together, entertainment activities account for 85 per cent of screen time, whereas educational and productive purposes get only 15 per cent. This shows that very little screen time is devoted to informative or productive tasks. Overall, the trend clearly points to the need for balanced screen time habits. Parents and schools should also increase awareness of digital literacy among teenagers.

   • Go through the activities from the largest share to the smallest, and give each one's percentage.
   • Add up the shares: entertainment is 85% and educational or productive use is 15%.
   • End with an overall observation: teenagers need balanced screen time habits and more awareness of digital literacy.

   Marks split as in the board’s published marking scheme

4. Q4Long answer5 marksAsked: 2025

   Attempt any one from (a) and (b) given below : (a) In the past few years, the teaching-learning process has taken a leap and gone beyond the four walls of the classroom. Today, it has become possible to learn not just by sitting in a physical classroom, but from anywhere. Given below is a chart depicting the differences between E-learning and Classroom learning. Write an analytical paragraph in about 120 words, assessing the benefits and drawbacks of both, by selecting features that support your analysis. OR (b) Read the given details of a computer. Analyse the details and write an analytical paragraph in about 120 words about the description and role of computers in today’s world.

   How the model answer begins

   1. The opening sentence, 'The given chart compares E-learning with Classroom learning, the two main modes of education today', introduces the subject.

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5. Q5Long answer5 marksAsked: 2025

   Attempt any one from (a) and (b) given below : (a) Natural food, typically refers to food that has not been processed or preserved in any significant way before it is consumed, while ultra-processed food refers to food items that have been altered from their natural state through various methods. Given below is a table that differentiates between natural and processed foods. Study the description given and write an analytical paragraph in about 120 words, drawing a comparison between the two : | Natural Food | Processed Food | | --- | --- | | • High fibre | • High sugar | | • Healthy nutrients | • Unhealthy nutrients | | • Healthy fats | • Unhealthy fats | | • Low sodium | • High sodium | | • Regulates blood sugar, blood pressure and provides healthy nutrients | • Tasty, ready to eat and addictive | OR (b) Social Media has a lasting impact on our thought process and influences our thinking in both positive and negative ways. With the help of the given cues and using your own ideas, write an analytical paragraph on "The Impact of Social Media on Teenagers" in about 120 words. [Box provided]

   How the model answer begins

   1. The paragraph answers option (a). It compares points from both columns: high fibre against low fibre and high sugar, healthy against unhealthy nutrients and fats, and low against high sodium. It also sets regulating…

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6. Q6Long answer5 marksAsked: 2025

   Attempt ANY ONE from (A) and (B) given below : (A) Today, many projects in India are being initiated and implemented with the aim of transforming India into a digitally empowered society and economy. Digital India Program IT – Jobs E – governance E – Kranti Electronic Delivery of Services Broadband for all – Urban and Rural Information for all. Write an analytical paragraph of 100-120 words based on the given information. OR (B) Read the given details of the different activities that interest children in the age group of 14-17 years. • dance, music, art • outdoor sports like cricket, hockey, basketball, soccer, tennis • computer games • net surfing • social media Analyse the details and write an analytical paragraph in about 120 words about the suitability of the given activities. Focus on factors like interest, physical, mental and emotional development, personality development, and suitability.

7. Q7Long answer5 marksAsked: 2025

   (a) Read the following details of a children's park in your colony : • covered on all four sides with 2 gates • skating rink and basketball court in the park • swings in one corner for younger children • open ground for colony functions • specific timings Analyse the details of the park and write an analytical paragraph in about 120 words about its suitability as a children's park. OR (b) There is an alarming increase in the percentage of students suffering from obesity. Given below are some of the findings of a survey conducted to identify causes : • unhealthy diet – 40% • lack of exercise – 30% • stress and anxiety – 25% • genetic factors – 5% Analyse the causes for obesity. Age group affected 0 – 5 years : 13% 5 – 8 years : 20% 8 – 12 years : 28% 13 – 15 years : 25% 16 – 18 years : 14%

   How the model answer begins

   1. The second sentence shows that the park is covered on all four sides and has only two gates. This keeps children safe from the road and makes entry easy to watch.

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8. Q8Case-based5 marksAsked: 2024

   5. (a) Cases of obesity, are on the rise. Experts fear a health emergency unless the growing obesity problem is tackled on a war footing. We can say that we are in an obesity epidemic in India. Based on the graph given below, write an analytical paragraph, in about 120 words, analyzing the percentage of overweight Indians and suggest possible solutions. For Visually Impaired Candidates Only (a) According to a new study, Indians are getting fatter. Experts fear a health emergency unless the growing obesity problem is tackled on a war footing. We can say that we are in an obesity epidemic in India. Based on the data given below, write an analytical paragraph, in about 120 words analyzing the percentage of overweight Indians and suggest possible solutions. Percentage of Overweight People | Year | Children | Men | Women | | 2015-17 | 2.1 | 18.9 | 20.6 | | 2019-21 | 3.4 | 22.9 | 24 | OR (b) Life expectancy is defined as the average number of additional years a person could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of that person's life. It is a standard indicator for the level of socio-economic development. Based on the data given below, write an analytical paragraph, in about 120 words, analyzing the projected life expectancy of men and women over a period of time and assessing the possible causes. Projected Life Expectancy 2001 – 2025 | Year | Age of Men | Age of Women | | 2001 – 2005 | 63.8 | 66.1 | | 2006 – 2010 | 65.8 | 68.1 | | 2011 – 2015 | 67.3 | 69.8 | | 2016 – 2020 | 68.8 | 71.1 | | 2021 – 2025 | 69.8 | 72.3 |

   How the model answer begins

   1. The title 'Obesity: A Growing Concern in India' and the first two sentences introduce the bar graph of overweight children, men and women in two survey periods and state that obesity has risen in all three groups.

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9. Q9Short answer5 marksAsked: 2023

   5. (a) Stress and pressure sometimes has an adverse effect on young adults. 'Budding Minds' conducted a survey to show how the mental health of young people has been affected. 4,324 young people took part in the survey which shows stress and competition has impacted performance and mental health. Write an analytical paragraph in about 100 words on how the mental health of young people has been impacted in the modern world. For Visually Challenged Candidates Only 5. (a) You are Anita/Anil. Write an analytical paragraph on the tourism potential of India. Using your own ideas and the information given below, write the paragraph in 100-120 words. – Places of historical interest – interests foreigner travellers. – religious tourism – medical tourism – with world class hospitals – leisure tourism – hill stations in summers, beaches in winter, the back waters and adventure sports. OR 5. (b) The given graph shows the competition between big online shopping sites that is ABC and XYZ in India over the duration between 2019 to 2022. Write an analytical paragraph in about 100 words from the details found in the graph. For Visually Challenged Candidates Only 5. (b) Rehanna is to write an analytical paragraph on 'Hazards of Smoking'. Using your own ideas and the information given below, write the paragraph in 100-120 words. Smoking – drains out income of an average earner – affect health badly – vital organs are affected – harmful for passive smokers – need to educate people – Role of media in creating awareness.

   How the model answer begins

   1. The title 'Mental Health of Young People' and the first sentence introduce the 'Budding Minds' survey of 4,324 young people on how stress and competition have affected their mental health.

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10. Q10Short answer5 marksAsked: 2023

    5. (a) With the help of the given table, write an analytical paragraph in about 100 words on 'Rising Prices'. | Food Items | Feb.'20 | Feb.'21 | Feb.'22 | | Groundnut oil (per litre) | 90 | 105 | 125 | | Rice (per kg) | 30 | 40 | 60 | | Flour (per kg) | 28 | 31 | 35 | | Toor Dal (per kg) | 54 | 65 | 80 | OR 5. (b) The increase in the number of news channels is indicative of their growing popularity in terms of viewership. Write a paragraph analyzing their above given pie chart on what viewers like watching in news channels. (100 – 120 words) For Visually Challenged Candidates Only 5. (b) Rehanna is to write an analytical paragraph on 'Hazards of Smoking'. Using your own ideas and the information given below, write the paragraph in 100-120 words. Smoking – drains out income of an average earner – affect health badly – vital organs are affected – harmful for passive smokers – need to educate people – Role of media in creating awareness.

    How the model answer begins

    1. The title 'Rising Prices' and the first sentence introduce the table of prices of four essential food items in February of three successive years.

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11. Q11Case-based5 marksAsked: 2023

    Attempt any one from (A) and (B) given below : (A) Given below are the pollution figures for some major towns and cities in India : | | Suspended Particulate Matter | Sulphur Dioxide | Nitrogen Oxide | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Permissible Limits | 200 | 80 | 80 | | Ludhiana | 453 | 20 | 64 | | Delhi | 680 | 124 | 137 | | Mumbai | 485 | 27 | 53 | | Chennai | 262 | 45 | 34 | Using the information given above along with your own ideas, write an analytical paragraph in 100 - 120 words. OR (B) The given pie chart represents the amount of money spent by a family on different items in a month. Write an analytical paragraph in 100 - 120 words using the information given in the pie chart. [Pie chart provided] For the Visually Impaired Candidates only in lieu of Q. No. 5 (B) : (B) You are Rita/Rohan, Head Girl/Head Boy of your school. You decided to make the school population aware about the advantages of tree plantation and tell them how trees can serve as better air-conditioners. Write an analytical paragraph in 100 - 120 words. Take the help of the notes given below : [List of points provided]

    How the model answer begins

    1. Content: the paragraph uses the table's figures correctly. It gives the SPM levels of all four cities (680, 485, 453, 262) against the limit of 200, and Delhi's sulphur dioxide (124) and nitrogen oxide (137) against the…

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12. Q12Case-based5 marksAsked: 2023

    Attempt any one from A and B given below : (A) The given pie-chart shows how water is consumed in households in a metropolitan city in India. Study the information carefully and write a paragraph analysing the given pie-chart data. (A) For Visually impaired candidates. List three ways in which we waste water and the ways how we can save water. OR (B) The chart below gives the percentage of social media users by age in India in 2020. Write a paragraph analysing the given information in 100-120 words. | Age Group | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Activity % | Teens | 20s | 30s | 40s | 50s | 60s | 70+ | | Get News | 76 | 73 | 76 | 75 | 71 | 74 | 70 | | Online games | 81 | 54 | 37 | 29 | 25 | 25 | 32 | | Downloads | 52 | 46 | 27 | 15 | 13 | 8 | 6 | | Product research | 0 | 79 | 80 | 83 | 79 | 74 | 70 | | Buying a product | 43 | 68 | 69 | 68 | 67 | 65 | 41 | | Searching for people | 5 | 31 | 23 | 23 | 24 | 29 | 27 |

    How the model answer begins

    1. Content (2): the paragraph gives the exact figures for every activity and compares the age groups (news 70-76%, games 81% among teens to 25% in the 50s and 60s, product research peaking at 83%). Organisation (2): an…

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13. Q13Short answer5 marksAsked: 2023

    (a) 5. (a) In an exclusive survey conducted by a leading daily, students of class X expressed their job preferences. On the basis of the information given in the pie chart, write a paragraph analysing the careers they want to pursue after school. (word limit 100 – 120 words) For Visually Challenged Candidates. 5. (a) Junk food can harm our bodies in different ways. It is write an analytical paragraph in about 100-120 words on Junk Food and its impact on the Body you many use the following cues. -> They have high level of cholesterol, sugar/salt, calories and more. -> rising popularity of junk food due to taste, low prices, convenience. -> Spikes energy levels and then leads to drop in concentration. -> Consumption leads to density and adverse impact on lives. -> Impairs cognitive functions -> Role of decision creating awarders. OR 5. (b) Given below is a graph comparing the consumption of health care supplements amongst men and women between the age of 25 – 35 from the year 2018-2022 in terms of their sales. Write an analytical paragraph in about 100-120 words using the details given : (b) For Visually Challenged Candidates. 5. (b) Excessive usage of screen time can cause damage to a growing child. Moreover, it cannot be denied that the child of the digital era cannot be separated from the use of technology. Write an analytical paragraph in about 100-120 words on ‘Screen Time and the Digital Generation’. You can use the following cues : -> Technology has changed our lifestyle and has become a part of our lives. -> Screens refer to mobiles, televisions, laptops, Ipads etc. -> Many progressive schools encourage the use of laptops. -> During lockdown – screens came to the rescue of uninterrupted education. -> Cannot replace face to face, physical interaction between teacher and taught.

    How the model answer begins

    1. The heading 'Career Preferences of Class X Students' and the opening sentence introduce the survey as the topic.

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14. Q14Long answer5 marksAsked: 2026

    Attempt ANY ONE from (A) and (B) given below : (A) Improvements in sports infrastructure with a focus on multi-purpose sustainable facilities as well as the integration of technology along with a grassroot centric approach is the key to bring Indian athletes on the world stage. Write an analytical paragraph on the above statement in about 120 words, expressing your views on how improved infrastructure can help Indian athletes win accolades for the nation. OR (B) Read the following details about the characteristics of the Indian start-up ecosystem : 1. one of the most vibrant and largest in the world. 2. drives innovation across various fields. 3. brings unique solutions to major challenges both domestic and international. 4. has entered various fields - healthcare, e-commerce, agriculture. 5. supported by funding and government initiatives. In about 120 words analyse the future of startups in India considering factors that have supported its growth in the country. Focus on aspects of the need, benefits, and support needed for these startups.

15. Q15Long answer5 marksAsked: 2026

    Attempt any one from (a) and (b) given below in about 120 words : (a) Read the given details of the school activities that help children in their personality development. [list of activities] Analyse the details and write an analytical paragraph about the impact of school activities on students. Focus on factors like fosters leadership, responsibility, communication skills, discipline, daily motivation, and team building. OR (b) Read the following details about fashion trends. In today's world, fashion is not just about clothes, it is driven by images and impressions. Fashion trends provide a powerful reflection of society's evolution, and creativity. Write an analytical paragraph about how the factors mentioned below have shaped the fashion trends in recent years with key causes, effects and future implications. [list of factors]

    How the model answer begins

    1. Content: the paragraph covers all six factors the question names, which are leadership, responsibility, communication skills, discipline, daily motivation and team building. Each factor is linked to a school activity…

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16. Q16Short answer5 marksAsked: 2024

    (A) For visually challenged students only : The following are notes about the four stages in the metamorphosis of butterflies. Summarise the notes in the form of an analytical paragraph : Eggs -> larva (known as caterpillar) -> pupa (known as chrysalis) -> adult (known as butterfly) OR (B) Study the table given below which shows the data on the hobbies of students during summer vacations. Write an analytical paragraph in about 120 words analyzing what hobbies do boys and girls choose in their summer vacations : | Hobbies | Boys | Girls | | --- | --- | --- | | Singing | 7% | 25% | | Photography | 35% | 5% | | Playing | 30% | 16% | | Dancing | 13% | 40% | | Yoga | 19% | 15% |

    How the model answer begins

    1. The piece is a single paragraph with a title and a formal tone. It moves in order from the introduction to the girls' choices, then the boys' choices, then the shared hobby, and ends with a conclusion. Linkers such as…

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17. Q17Case-based5 marksAsked: 2024

    OR (B) You are a teacher in New City Global School. The given bar graph shows a comparative analysis of students' performance in different subjects in the terminal exam. Write an analytical paragraph on the variation in the performances of students in about 120 words : (B) For visually challenged students only : You are a teacher in New City Global School. The following data gives a comparative analysis of students' performance in different subjects in terminal exam. Write an analytical paragraph on the variation in the performances of students in about 120 words :

18. Q18Short answer5 marksAsked: 2024

    5. Attempt ANY ONE from A and B given below : (A) Teenagers have different tastes in spending their free time. The following data shows how teenagers spend their free time. Write an analytical paragraph in about 120 words analyzing how boys and girls spend their free time : | S. No. | Hobbies | Boys (%) | Girls (%) | | 1. | Reading books and comics | 12% | 25% | | 2. | Watching movies and songs | 15% | 35% | | 3. | Talking to their friends | 10% | 20% | | 4. | Watching sports | 16% | 4% | | 5. | Playing outdoor and indoor games | 40% | 20% | OR (B) Read the following excerpt taken from an article that appeared in the magazine section of a local daily : "A recent study has revealed that the prevalence of obesity among school children is on a steady rise. Consumption of food with high glycaemic index, change in sleep patterns, reduced physical activity and the increased screen time has been linked to obesity in children. This is an emerging public health problem in the country." Taking help from the above, write an analytical paragraph for your school magazine in about 120 words. You are Sonika/Sahil.

    How the model answer begins

    1. The title 'How Teenagers Spend Their Free Time' and the first sentence introduce the table: it shows how boys and girls spend their free time on five hobbies.

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19. Q19Case-based5 marksAsked: 2024

    Attempt any one from (a) and (b) given below : (a) Energy drinks are drinks containing stimulant compounds, usually caffeine, which is marketed as providing mental and physical stimulation (marketed as energy, but distinct from food energy). The following table shows some of the potential risks of energy drinks. Based on the given information, write an analytical paragraph, in about 120 words, assessing the short-term benefits versus common risks of energy drinks. POTENTIAL RISKS OF ENERGY DRINKS Recent studies have shown that whilst there are undoubtedly some short-term benefits of energy drinks, over-consumption does present some common risks and symptoms including : - palpitations - dizziness - tremors - tingling or numbing of skin - agitation - insomnia - gastrointestinal problems - respiratory distress - chest pain - headache OR (b) Ecotourism means responsible travel to natural areas, that minimises the negative impact on the environment, making it an appealing choice for environmentally conscious travellers. The table given below lists the pros and cons of Ecotourism. Based on the information provided, write an analytical paragraph, in about 120 words, assessing the pros and cons of Ecotourism. THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ECOTOURISM | Pros | Cons | | --- | --- | | promotes conservation | cultural disruption | | provides economic benefits to local communities | destruction of natural resources | | fosters environmental awareness | habitat disturbance |

    How the model answer begins

    1. The first three sentences introduce energy drinks. They say the drinks contain stimulants, mainly caffeine, are sold as giving mental and physical stimulation, and are drunk by students and athletes to stay alert.

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20. Q20Long answer5 marksAsked: 2024

    Attempt any one from (a) and (b) given below : (a) The detailed global millets production data from different countries is depicted in the pie chart given below. Analyze this chart and write an analytical paragraph in about 120 words, by selecting features that support your analysis and suggesting possible reasons for the variation in production by different countries. For Visually Impaired Candidates only in lieu of Q. No. 5 (a) : Raina is to write an analytical paragraph on ‘Importance of Tree Plantation’. Using your own ideas and the information given below, write the paragraph in about 120 words. One of the best activities – make planet – greener, healthier – to develop biodiversity – ensure supply of oxygen for coming generations – add to natural beauty – NGOs can be involved for plantation drive. OR (b) There are many benefits of healthy eating for adults as well as children. The following charts reflect the same. Based on the information given in the charts, write an analytical paragraph in about 120 words, assessing the importance of healthy eating for adults as well as children.

    How the model answer begins

    1. This is one paragraph under the title 'Importance of Tree Plantation'. It runs in order: an opening line, then oxygen, biodiversity and beauty, then the problem and the NGO solution, then a conclusion. The tone is…

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12 more questions of this chapter, each with its model answer, in the AskMedha app.

Questions parents and students ask

How many marks does "Analytical paragraph" carry in CBSE Class 10 English?

In the CBSE papers of 2023–2026, this chapter carried about 5 marks and about 1 questions a year; by marks it ranks 4 in English.

Which are the most important (VVI) questions of "Analytical paragraph"?

The 20 questions above are from the board’s real papers, each with the years it was asked; the most-asked come first with their full model answers. All 32 written questions of this chapter, with answers, are in the AskMedha app.

Do the answers follow the board’s marking scheme?

Yes. CBSE publishes its marking schemes; every model answer here is written point by point to the marks the board’s own scheme gives, and checked by a second, independent model.