Chapter 1: Discursive passage

Important questions — the ones the board asked most (12)

1. Q1Short answer10 marksAsked: 2026

   Read the following text : (1) Every year, countless flocks of birds take to the skies in one of nature's most remarkable spectacles - migration. This incredible phenomenon involves the regular, long-distance movement of birds between their breeding and wintering grounds. Some species fly only a few hundred kilometers, while others travel across continents and oceans, covering tens of thousands of kilometers each year. (2) Migration is primarily driven by changes in seasons. When food becomes scarce during harsh winters, birds travel to warmer regions where they can find abundant insects, seeds, or fish. The Siberian crane, for instance, travels thousands of kilometers from the cold wetlands of Siberia to India's warmer lakes such as Keoladeo National Park in Bharatpur and Chilika Lake in Odisha. The Bar-headed goose, another amazing traveler, is known to fly over the towering Himalayas at heights where oxygen levels are dangerously low - a feat that astonishes even scientists. (3) How these small creatures navigate such long distances remains a fascinating mystery. Studies suggest that migratory birds use multiple cues : the position of the sun by day, the stars at night, and even the Earth's magnetic field. Some, like homing pigeons, possess a memory-based instinct that helps them return to the same spot year after year with stunning accuracy. (4) Unfortunately, migration today is becoming more difficult. Expanding cities, pollution, and deforestation have destroyed vital wetlands and resting areas. Climate change has disrupted the timing of migration, confusing birds about when to travel or breed. Many species arrive too early or too late, missing the right conditions for nesting or feeding. (5) Conservationists worldwide are working to protect these travellers. International cooperation is essential since migratory routes cross national borders. Protected wetland sites, bird sanctuaries, and awareness programs encourage people to appreciate and safeguard these winged wanderers. (6) Migratory birds are not just symbols of endurance and freedom; they are vital to nature's balance. They help in pollination, seed dispersal, and pest control. The survival of these birds is linked to the survival of ecosystems everywhere. Watching them reminds humanity of a powerful truth - the planet is shared, and the harmony of life depends on care, cooperation, and respect for nature's rhythms. Answer the following questions, based on the passage above : (i) In paragraph 1, what does the phrase 'one of nature's most remarkable spectacles' refer to ? (ii) Complete the following with the correct option from the two given : Migration is primarily driven by changes in seasons as ________. (a) they move to colder areas to hibernate (b) they move to warmer places for food (paragraph 2) (iii) What is unique about the Bar-headed goose ? (paragraph 2) (iv) Select the option that best explains the phrase 'navigate such long distances remains a fascinating mystery'. (paragraph 3) (a) travelling to unknown destinations without getting lost is truly amazing (b) travelling plans are predictable and well marked out by the leader of the pack (v) State whether the following statement is True or False : Because of rapid urbanization and clear direction, it has become easier for migratory birds to find their way. (paragraph 4) (vi) The writer mentions that conservationists worldwide are working to find solutions to give migratory birds safe travel. Based on the information given in the passage, which of the following will protect these travellers ? (A) creation of more wetland sites. (B) making people aware about the eating habits of migratory birds. (C) work in cooperation with other countries. (D) create eating spots along the way. (vii) List any two points according to the passage that illustrate that migratory birds play an important role in maintaining nature's balance. (paragraph 6) (viii) What message does the passage convey about life on Earth ? (paragraph 6) (A) Man must provide cues to clear traffic routes for migratory birds. (B) Deforestation is essential to stop uncontrolled growth. (C) Harmony between man and nature is essential. (D) Climate change can be controlled only by technological intervention.

   

   Medha Ma’am

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   Hear it from Medha Ma’am · 345 s

   Model answer · unseen passage, bird migration

   1. 1.(i) The phrase refers to the migration of birds, that is, the regular, long-distance movement of birds between their breeding and wintering grounds.1 mark
   2. 2.(ii) (b) they move to warmer places for food.1 mark
   3. 3.(iii) The Bar-headed goose is unique because it flies over the towering Himalayas at heights where oxygen levels are dangerously low. This feat astonishes even scientists.2 marks
   4. 4.(iv) (a) travelling to unknown destinations without getting lost is truly amazing1 mark
   5. 5.(v) False1 mark
   6. 6.(vi) (C) work in cooperation with other countries.1 mark
   7. 7.(vii) Migratory birds help to maintain nature's balance in these ways: 1. They help in pollination. 2. They help in seed dispersal and pest control.2 marks
   8. 8.(viii) (C) Harmony between man and nature is essential.1 mark

   • For (iii), write both facts: the goose flies over the Himalayas, and it flies at heights where oxygen levels are dangerously low.
   • For (vii), write two separate points taken from paragraph 6, such as pollination and seed dispersal.
   • For every multiple-choice item, write the option letter along with the full words of the option.

   Marks split as in the board’s published marking scheme

2. Q2Short answer10 marksAsked: 2025

   Read the following text : Answer the following questions, based on the passage above : I. Complete the following with a suitable explanation with reference to paragraph (1). ESD is now high on the international agenda because __________. II. Based on the given passage, How does UN view ESD as a lifelong process ? What are the critical areas of emphasis ? (Paragraph 1) III. List two curriculum projects that ESD (Education for Sustainable Development) has been linked with. (Paragraph 1) IV. Complete the following suitably : Many of our fundamental attitudes and values are put into plan in the early years as __________. (Paragraph 2) V. Substitute the underlined word with the correct word from paragraph (2) : ESD in Early Childhood Care and Education provides the possibility of transformational reconstruction. (A) positive change (B) power to reform (C) negative impact (D) creative VI. What do UNICEF reports reveal about the vulnerability of children under the age of eight during global emergencies ? (Paragraph 3) (A) UNICEF reports highlight the resilience of children under the age of eight during global emergencies. (B) UNICEF reports indicate that children under the age of eight are rarely affected by global emergencies. (C) UNICEF reports show that children under the age of eight represent the highest percentage of affected population in global emergencies. (D) UNICEF reports suggest that children under the age of eight are primarily responsible for responding to global emergencies. VII. What remains a problem in both rich and poor countries? What has been recognised as crucial ? (Paragraph 3) VIII. Complete the sentence with the correct response : The writer's tone in the passage is __________.

   

   Medha Ma’am

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   Hear it from Medha Ma’am · 215 s

   Model answer · Unseen passage, ESD

   1. 1.I. ESD is now high on the international agenda because it is seen as a way to encourage greater sustainable consumption and production, counter the effects of climate change, address threats to biodiversity and provide more efficient disaster risk management.1 mark
   2. 2.II. The UN views ESD as a lifelong process that runs from early childhood to higher and adult education and goes beyond formal education. Its critical areas of emphasis are values, lifestyles and attitudes.2 marks
   3. 3.III. ESD has been linked with curriculum projects on (i) recycling and (ii) energy and water conservation.1 mark
   4. 4.IV. Many of our fundamental attitudes and values are put into place in the early years, as children have the greatest capacity to learn in these years. Young children are also already investigating issues such as recycling, energy conservation, waste disposal and changes in the local environment.2 marks
   5. 5.V. (A) positive change1 mark
   6. 6.VI. (C) UNICEF reports show that children under the age of eight represent the highest percentage of affected population in global emergencies.1 mark
   7. 7.VII. Equitable access to high-quality pre-school programmes remains a problem in both rich and poor countries. Linking the health and education agendas has been recognised as crucial.1 mark
   8. 8.VIII. The writer's tone in the passage is informative and objective.1 mark

   • In Question II, answer both parts: say that ESD runs from early childhood to adult education and goes beyond formal education, then name the critical areas (values, lifestyles, attitudes).
   • In Question IV, give two reasons from paragraph 2, such as the greatest capacity to learn and children already exploring recycling or waste disposal.
   • In Question VII, answer both questions: what remains a problem (equitable access to pre-school programmes) and what is crucial (linking health and education).

   Marks split as in the board’s published marking scheme

3. Q3Short answer10 marksAsked: 2023

   Read the following passage carefully : Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the questions given below : 10x1=10 1 Organic food is very popular these days. It can also be very expensive. Some organic food costs twice as much as non-organic food. Parents of young children and even some pet owners, will pay high prices for organic food if they think it is healthier. But many others think organic food is just a waste of money. 2 There is one main difference between organic and non-organic food. Organic farms do not use agricultural chemicals such as pesticides that stop insects from damaging crops. In many countries, foods that claim to be organic must have special labels that guarantee they’re grown organically. 3 Some people think organic also means ‘locally grown’ and originally it was indeed true. But over a period of time organic farming has become a big business, with many organic foods now being grown by large agricultural companies that sell their products far from where they’re grown. Processed food made with organic ingredients has also become more popular. At first, only small companies produced these products. But as demand overtook supply, big food companies that had been selling non-organic products for many years also began selling organic products. 4 Is organic food safer and more nutritious ? This is an important part of the debate. Many farmers and consumers believe it is safer and more nutritious. They think agricultural chemicals can cause serious illnesses such as cancer, but there isn’t much evidence proving this is true. However, recent studies have shown that eating organically-grown produce reduces your chances of developing heart diseases. Many doctors think it is more important to stop dangerous bacteria from contaminating foods. These bacteria can contaminate both organic and non-organic fruits and vegetables, and doctors recommend washing produce carefully before eating it. Meat, fish and chicken can also become contaminated so washing your hands before handling these foods is also very important. (i) People are willing to pay high prices for organic food because (a) it is not easily available. (b) it helps in weight loss. (c) it is produced by small companies. (d) it does not contain agricultural chemicals. (ii) Select the option that displays what the writer projects with reference to the following : Is organic food safer and more nutritious ? This is an important part of the debate. (a) denial (b) confirmation (c) caution (d) acceptance (iii) Complete the following with a phrase from paragraph 3. Opinion: Big food companies have started selling organic food products. Reason: [ ] (iv) The writer contrasts organic food to non-organic food. State one point of comparison between the two. (v) Based on your reading of the text, list one benefit of eating organic food. (vi) What connect does the writer draw between contamination of food and washing hands ? (vii) The writer says that people believe that it is safer and more nutritious to eat organic food. Select the reason for his sceptical view. (a) the price decides the popularity (b) there is no confirmed evidence (c) it is tastier (d) it is marketed by big food companies (viii) Supply one point to justify the following : Some people think organic also means 'locally grown'. (ix) Supply one method of how we can control the contamination of organic and non-organic food. (x) List one factor that certifies food to be organic.

   

   Medha Ma’am

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   Hear it from Medha Ma’am · 295 s

   Model answer · unseen passage, organic food

   1. 1.(i) (d) it does not contain agricultural chemicals.1 mark
   2. 2.(ii) (c) caution1 mark
   3. 3.(iii) Reason: because demand overtook supply.1 mark
   4. 4.(iv) Chemicals such as pesticides are not used while growing organic food, but they are used on non-organic farms.1 mark
   5. 5.(v) Eating organic food reduces the chances of developing heart diseases.1 mark
   6. 6.(vi) The writer says that bacteria from dirty hands can contaminate both organic and non-organic food, so we must wash our hands before handling meat, fish and chicken.1 mark
   7. 7.(vii) (b) there is no confirmed evidence1 mark
   8. 8.(viii) It is because organic food was originally grown locally.1 mark
   9. 9.(ix) We can control contamination by washing fruits and vegetables carefully before eating them.1 mark
   10. 10.(x) Special labels guarantee that the food has been grown organically.1 mark

   • For the multiple-choice items, write both the option letter and its full text, for example "(d) it does not contain agricultural chemicals".
   • For (iii), copy the exact phrase from paragraph 3: "demand overtook supply".
   • Answer the short questions in complete sentences of your own, using words from the passage such as "pesticides", "heart diseases" and "special labels".

   Marks split as in the board’s published marking scheme

4. Q4Short answer10 marksAsked: 2023

   Read the passage given below : 1. Hiking is a great source of pleasure to us besides being beneficial for health. Once we leave the crowded streets of a city and go out for a walking tour away from the mad world, we really feel free. The open air has a bracing effect on the mind. The congestion of the city, the uproar and tumult, the intolerable noise of traffic, the hectic daily routine, all these are forgotten and the mind is at ease. We then feel like running, leaping, singing and laughing. We travel merrily mile after mile in the company of friends and associates. 2. Hiking takes us in the midst of nature. The sight of waterfalls, flowers, streams, trees and bushes is pleasing. A connect is established between us and nature. Various sounds of nature, like the murmur of a brook or the song of a bird, acquire a new meaning and significance to us. 3. You enjoy the beauty of nature. Minute observations like a snake casting its slough, a mouse peeping out of its hole, a squirrel leaping about on the branches of a tree, a bird flying past us, all these are noticed and they arouse our interest. We have no business worries, no fear of the examination, no anxiety about the home. We have leisure to stand, to walk and talk. It is more thrilling and pleasurable to hike in a mountainous region than in the plains. The excitement of climbing up to the top of a hill, the adventure of coming down a slope, the grandeur of sunset behind a mountain - All these sights lend a rare charm and interest to our journey. 4. We walk along a zigzag motor road or cut across a mountain path in search of adventure. We may have bright sunny weather or might get caught in a shower of rain. We may look below us into the yawning chasm or up at the mountain peak. The feeling of unlimited freedom makes our hearts leap with joy. 5. Hiking is one of the healthiest sports. It ensures a complete escape from the urgent and busy activities of life and therefore gives solace to our brain. It regains its lost energy and is able to do twice as much work as before. 6. The fresh air, beautiful mountains, majestic trees, chirping sound of birds make one's mind and soul at peace with nature. (i) To go out for a walking tour is (a) to stroll. (b) to ramble. (c) to hike. (d) to saunter. (ii) Why does the writer say that the mind is at ease when you hike ? (a) because hiking is an inexpensive activity. (b) because it brings families together. (c) because of intolerable noise of traffic. (d) because the depressing daily routine is forgotten. (iii) Complete the following with a phrase : The various sounds of nature acquire.................... (iv) Infer one reason for the following based on information in paragraph 2. A contact is established between us and nature. (v) Complete the following analogy correctly with a word from paragraph 2. aroma : cooking ; fragrance : .................... (vi) Give one reason why it is a pleasure to hike in the mountains than in the plains. (a) because observation is sharpened. (b) because of the excitement of climbing up and adventure of coming down. (c) because it is leisure to stand, to walk. (d) because there are no worries. (vii) Hiking gives the brain, the rest it needs because (a) it is a short time activity. (b) it is one of the healthiest sports. (c) it makes us sleep peacefully. (d) it is an escape from our busy schedule. (viii) List any two examples of minute observations you make while on a hike. (ix) Supply one point to justify the following : Hiking gives us a feeling of unlimited joy. (x) Substitute the word 'leap with joy' with one word similar in meaning in the following sentence from the passage. The feeling of unlimited freedom makes our hearts leap with joy.

   How the model answer begins

   1. (i) (c) to hike.

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5. Q5Short answer10 marksAsked: 2026

   Read the following passage carefully : (1) In the fast-evolving landscape of the present age, digital saturation and algorithmically curated lives, the phenomenon of FOMO — the Fear of Missing Out — has progressed from a fleeting psychological discomfort into a pervasive cultural condition. Initially, the term was coined to describe the anxiety provoked by the perception that others are participating in rewarding experiences from which one is absent. FOMO now pervades virtually in every dimension of contemporary existence, fuelled largely by the continuous updates of edited content on social media platforms. Significantly, it is the anxiety that others are experiencing something more fulfilling, exciting, or meaningful. (2) The roots of FOMO lie in the interplay between the evolutionary instincts of an individual and modern technology. It may be traced as a fundamental human trait — the innate desire to belong. Man — being a social creature naturally, always tries to seek inclusion and belonging as a means of survival. Albeit, nowadays social media has escalated this instinct by bothering individuals with real-time updates of others' lives — carefully edited vacations, career milestones or even temporal joys framed as extraordinary. Each notification becomes a reminder of what we are not doing, a mirror reflecting our perceived inadequacies. (3) FOMO is not solely a personal affliction; it is a cultural artifact also, shaped by the values of a society that equates busyness with worth and novelty with happiness. Moreover, consumerism fuels this fire with brands exploiting FOMO through limited time offers, exclusive events, and influencer-driven trends that promise belonging or status. The rise of the ‘experience economy’, where memories and moments are commodified, intensifies the pressure to participate in everything from music festivals to viral food craze. (4) Furthermore, FOMO has created profound shifts in behaviour also. Due to this, the decision-making process has become increasingly worrisome, with people hesitating to commit to plans for fear of a better alternative emerging later. It often leads to impulsive choices, such as overspending on unnecessary products, overcommitting to events or making hasty life decisions to avoid feeling excluded. People, due to FOMO, struggle to focus on their priorities because they are distracted by what others are doing. Even highlighted reels of professional journeys shared online by others breed discontent and cause anxiety and dissatisfaction, where no experience feels complete. (5) The gloomy side of FOMO manifests in lowered self-esteem, impaired concentration and in severe cases, depression. Ironically, the more one tries to engage with multiple activities to ‘keep up’, the greater it leads to emotional exhaustion. The illusion of missing out on something ‘better’ elsewhere robs individuals of their ability to engage themselves fully in their present experiences. (6) To overcome the Fear of Missing Out we require intentional strategies. To avoid constant comparison, specific timings for checking the apps and social media should be set. One can also engage oneself in mindful breathing or meditation to stay grounded to the present. By prioritizing self-awareness and authentic experiences, one can take the edge off FOMO’s grip and cultivate a richer, more satisfying life without chasing external validation. Finally, we need to recognize that carefully selected online portrayals, which are essentially selective, generate emotional resilience. (i) What is the primary psychological trigger behind FOMO in the context of social media usage ? Paragraph (1) (A) physical fatigue (B) fear of rejection from loved ones (C) need of privacy to keep oneself safe (D) fear of being left out of rewarding experiences (ii) Complete the following with the correct option from the two given below : FOMO has entered every dimension of a person's existence because __________. (A) more exciting events are taking place nowadays (B) of constant edits and updates on the social media platforms Paragraph (1) (iii) What is the impact of the 'experience economy' on individuals ? Paragraph (3) (iv) How does FOMO affect an individual's decision-making ability ? Paragraph (4) (v) Support the writer's viewpoint that FOMO leads to emotional consequences. Paragraph (4) (vi) List two effective ways to deal with Fear of Missing Out (FOMO). Paragraph (6) (vii) State whether the following statement is True or False : People need to make an effort to come out of their FOMO state of mind. Paragraph (6) (viii) Complete the following with the correct option from the ones given below. In the phrase 'generate emotional resilience', the word 'resilience' refers to the ability to Paragraph (6) (A) support and create more social content. (B) withstand emotional anxiety of FOMO. (C) accelerate the notifications on social media. (D) give in to digital social pressure.

6. Q6Case-based10 marksAsked: 2025

   Read the following text : (i) Complete the following with a suitable explanation with reference to paragraph (1). ESD is now high on the international agenda because ________. (ii) Based on the given passage, How does UN view ESD as a lifelong process ? What are the critical areas of emphasis ? (Paragraph 1) (iii) List two curriculum projects that ESD (Education for Sustainable Development) has been linked with. (Paragraph 1) (iv) Complete the following suitably : Many of our fundamental attitudes and values are put into plan in the early years as ________. (Paragraph 2) (vii) What remains a problem in both rich and poor countries? What has been recognised as crucial ? (Paragraph 3) (viii) Complete the sentence with the correct response : The writer's tone in the passage is ________.

   How the model answer begins

   1. (i) ESD is now high on the international agenda because it is seen as a way to encourage greater sustainable consumption and production and to counter the effects of climate change.

   The full answer from Medha Ma’am →
7. Q7Short answer10 marksAsked: 2024

   Read the text given below : (i) Based on the reading and understanding of the above passage, list 2 points to describe the purpose of UNESCO leading the celebration of World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development. (iii) Based on your reading of the passage, examine in about 40 words how Sustainable Development Goals can be achieved. (iv) What is the tone of the writer in the given line from paragraph (4) ? Rationalise your response in about 40 words : "Cultural diversity is an asset." (vii) Complete the sentence appropriately : The Second Committee of UN General Assembly in 2015 adopted _________ . (viii) Complete the following sentence : _________ is urgent and necessary for peace, stability and development.

   How the model answer begins

   1. (i) 1. UNESCO leads the celebration to highlight the richness of the world's cultures. 2. It also shows the essential role of inter-cultural dialogue in achieving peace and sustainable development.

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8. Q8Short answer10 marksAsked: 2024

   Read the following passage carefully : (1) Plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing environmental issues, as rapidly increasing production of disposable plastic products overwhelms the world’s ability to deal with them. Plastic pollution is most visible in developing Asian and African nations, where garbage collection systems are often inefficient or nonexistent. But the developed world, especially in countries with low recycling rates, also has trouble properly collecting discarded plastics. Plastic trash has become so ubiquitous that it has prompted efforts to write a global treaty negotiated by the United Nations. (2) Plastics made from fossil fuels are just over a century old. Production and development of thousands of new plastic products accelerated after World War II. It transformed the modern age so much that life without plastics is unrecognizable today. Plastics revolutionized medicine with life-saving devices, made space travel possible, lightened cars and jets — saving fuel and pollution — and saved lives with helmets, incubators, and equipment for clean drinking water. (3) The conveniences plastics offer, however, led to a throw-away culture that reveals the material’s dark side : today, single-use plastics account for 40 percent of the plastic produced every year. Many of these products, such as plastic bags and food wrappers, have a lifespan of mere minutes to hours, yet they may persist in the environment for hundreds of years. (4) Most of the plastic trash in the oceans, Earth’s last sink, flows from land. Trash is also carried to sea by major rivers, which act as conveyor belts, picking up more and more trash as they move downstream. Once at sea, much of the plastic trash remains in coastal waters. But once caught up in ocean currents, it can be transported around the world. (5) Millions of animals are killed by plastics every year, from birds to fish to other marine organisms. Nearly 700 species, including endangered ones, are known to have been affected by plastics. Nearly every species of seabirds eats plastics. Most of the deaths of animals are caused by entanglement or starvation. Seals, whales, turtles, and other animals are strangled by abandoned fishing gear or discarded six-pack rings. (6) The solution is to prevent plastic waste from entering rivers and seas in the first place, many scientists and conservationists — including the National Geographic Society — say. This could be accomplished with improved waste management systems and recycling, better product design that takes into account the short life of disposable packaging, and reduction in manufacturing of unnecessary single-use plastics. (i) Which of the following statements best describes the reason why plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing environmental issues ? (A) Plastic trash collection systems have become inefficient or nonexistent. (B) Rapidly increasing production of disposable plastic products overwhelms the world's ability to deal with them. (C) Some plastics have a lifespan of mere minutes to hours, yet they may persist in the environment for hundreds of years. (D) The developed world, especially in countries with low recycling rates, has trouble properly collecting plastics. (ii) What is the tone of the writer in the given lines from paragraph 2 ? Rationalise your response in about 40 words. 'It transformed the modern age so much that life without plastics is unrecognizable today.' (iii) The passage includes some words that are opposites of each other. From the sets (A) - (E) below, identify two sets of synonyms. (A) garbage and trash (B) starvation and strangled (C) disposable and reduction (D) persist and downstream (E) transformed and revolutionized (iv) Complete the sentence appropriately : The writer says that most of the plastic trash is found in the Earth's last sink and the reason it is transported around the world is __________. (v) Based on the reading of the passage, examine, in about 40 words, the downside of the convenience that plastic offers. (vi) Complete the sentence appropriately : According to conservationists, the two ways in which most of the deaths of animals are caused are __________. (vii) Based on the passage, how can we contribute to the reduction of plastic waste ? (A) by internationalising the waste management system (B) by minimizing the use of single-use plastics (C) by not abandoning fishing gear (D) by not using helmets made of plastic (viii) State one reason why plastic pollution is most visible in developing Asian and African nations.

   How the model answer begins

   1. (i) (B) Rapidly increasing production of disposable plastic products overwhelms the world's ability to deal with them.

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9. Q9Short answer10 marksAsked: 2025

   Read the following passage carefully : (1) Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several tree species from the genus Cinnamomum. Cinnamon is made by cutting the stems of cinnamon trees. The inner bark is then extracted and the woody parts removed. When it dries, it forms strips that curl into rolls, called cinnamon sticks. These sticks can be ground to form cinnamon powder. The spice, consisting of the dried inner bark, is brown in colour and has a delicately fragrant aroma and a warm sweet flavour. The distinct aroma and flavour of cinnamon derive from its essential oil and principal component, cinnamaldehyde, as well as numerous other constituents including eugenol. (2) There are two main types of cinnamon: Cassia and Ceylon. The two have different nutritional profiles. Ceylon cinnamon comes from Sri Lanka. Some people call it "true cinnamon." Cassia cinnamon, on the other hand, originates from southern China. Cassia is cheaper than Ceylon cinnamon. Cassia cinnamon has a robust, rich, somewhat bitter flavour while Ceylon is sweeter and lighter in flavor. (3) Cinnamon was once more valuable than gold. In Egypt it was sought for embalming and religious practices. In medieval Europe it was used for religious rites and as a flavouring agent. Later it was the most profitable spice in the Dutch East India Company trade. (4) Cinnamon is widely used as an aromatic condiment and flavouring additive in a wide variety of cuisines, sweet and savoury dishes, breakfast cereals, snack foods, bagels, teas, hot chocolate and traditional foods. (5) Cinnamon is a spice that has been prized for its medicinal properties for thousands of years. In recent years, modern science has started to confirm many of the potential health benefits associated with cinnamon. Cinnamon has antimicrobial and antifungal properties, which is why it's often found in dental-hygiene products and is sold as cinnamon supplements. It is also a good source of antioxidants, substances that inhibit the effect of free radicals (reactive atoms that can damage cells). Due to its anti-inflammatory nature, cinnamon is currently being researched for its potential to fight Alzheimer's disease and decrease symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and colon cancer. (6) Studies also suggest that cinnamon has anti-diabetic properties, and may offer protection from cancer and cardiovascular disease, among other conditions. However, more evidence is needed to confirm cinnamon's benefits. In the short term, consuming moderate amounts of cinnamon as a spice or as a supplement seems to be safe for most people. However, cinnamon contains coumarin. This is a natural flavouring, but it also plays a role in creating warfarin, the common blood-thinning drug. Consuming too much coumarin can lead to liver damage and affect coagulation. Answer the following questions, based on the above passage : (i) Complete the sentence appropriately. The characteristic aroma and flavour of cinnamon originate from its essential oil, primarily composed of __________. Paragraph (1) (ii) Based on the reading of the passage, examine, in about 40 words, how cinnamon derived from the trees is made fit to be used as a spice. Paragraph (1) (iii) Mention one point of difference between Ceylon cinnamon and Cassia cinnamon. Paragraph (2) (iv) Complete the sentence appropriately. The author says that cinnamon was once more valuable than gold because __________. Paragraph (3) (v) What is the tone of the writer in the given lines from paragraph (5) ? Rationalize your response in about 40 words. "Cinnamon is a spice that has been prized for its medicinal properties for thousands of years." (vi) The writer's use of the phrases 'modern science has started to confirm' in paragraph (5) and 'more evidence is needed to confirm' in paragraph (6) suggests that the benefits of cinnamon are : 1. proven 2. scientific 3. uncertain 4. controversial 5. harmful Select the correct option : (A) 1 and 3 (B) 2 and 4 (C) only 3 (D) only 5 (vii) Which of the following statements about cinnamon and its health benefits is true ? (A) Modern science has evidence to prove that cinnamon has many anti-diabetic properties, and it offers complete protection from cancer and cardiovascular disease. (B) Cinnamon lacks antimicrobial and antifungal properties, making it unsuitable for dental hygiene products. (C) Antioxidants found in cinnamon have no effect on free radicals in the body. (D) Cinnamon's anti-inflammatory properties are being researched for its potential benefits in Alzheimer's disease, irritable bowel syndrome and colon cancer. Paragraph (6) (viii) Which of the following statements best describes the author's attitude toward cinnamon and its uses ? (A) Finds cinnamon to be a prized condiment which can be used in almost all food items. (B) Believes that cinnamon should be used by everyone, everyday. (C) Recognizes that cinnamon has many useful properties, including health benefits. (D) Believes that cinnamon should only be used as a medicinal supplement.

   How the model answer begins

   1. cinnamaldehyde.

   The full answer from Medha Ma’am →
10. Q10Very short answer2 marksAsked: 2025

    ChatGPT can search. It cannot research. The platform has attracted the world's attention because of the speed with which it assembles and produces information in a logical sequence, powered by artificial intelligence, as if a human being were prompting it to write. Curious about understanding what ChatGPT can do, I opened an account and asked if it would replace research in the future. Promptly, it replied : "As an AI language model, I don't hold personal beliefs, but I can present arguments on both sides of the topic." The answer amused me. The speed with which it typed the information across the screen was mind-boggling. I could not read the answer as fast as it typed out the sentence. But, when it had finished, I read through the document. It was impressive. It was truly informative. Five different points had been explained briefly in seconds. I would have thought of those five points in an hour or more, depending on the complexity of the topic. "AI : Catalyst, not Conqueror : ChatGPT and the future of research" was the title that it threw up to my question. It matched my opinion about the future of research after ChatGPT. The write-up had an introduction and a conclusion, just as our English teachers have taught us. The document came from countless databases, as that is what it's designed to do. By contrast, when I research a subject for an 800-word article, I visit five or six authoritative sources; I don't go to a million as most are copies. The difference between the write-up of ChatGPT and my research article is the former is a mere summary. When I write, I search new ideas and knit them in a way that reflect my thoughts and perspective. I choose only what is original, unique and fresh and process them in my mind to create a fresh angle. Research has no value if it only summarises known information. Even a literature survey in your subject requires you to say what you will do with it further, and how. Research is not a joke. Years ago, I had asked my professor, later on my supervisor, "How can I publish an article in research journals ?" He answered, "When you have read everything on the subject, and have something original to add to the existing body of research." My head swam. Excellent research is a daunting task and calls for hard intellectual work. When you research, you don't go wide; you go deep. You thoroughly investigate a minor concept, researching it extensively, substantiating each claim with reliable sources, experiments, models and beyond. It took years to discover the atom and the theory of gravitation. ChatGPT can summarise these discoveries, but it cannot add to them. It does not have the mental wherewithal for that. What did the professor suggest to the author's question of how he could publish his research journal ? (Answer in 40 words only.)

    How the model answer begins

    1. The professor suggested that the author could publish an article in research journals only after he had read everything on the subject.

    The full answer from Medha Ma’am →
11. Q11Very short answer1 markAsked: 2026

    Forests are often called the lungs of the Earth, and in India, they are an integral part of the country’s ecological, economic, and cultural fabric. They regulate temperatures and help keep the air clean. Covering about 21.71% of India’s geographical area, forests play a pivotal role in sustaining biodiversity, regulating climate, and supporting the livelihoods of millions of people. However, these verdant expanses face numerous challenges, raising important questions about conservation, sustainable development, and policy priorities. India’s forests are incredibly diverse, ranging from the lush tropical rain forests to the alpine vegetation of the Himalayas. This diversity is home to a wide variety of flora and fauna, many of which are endemic or endangered, such as the Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, and Nilgiri Tahr. Forests also provide critical ecosystem services like water conservation, soil fertility, and carbon sequestration, which are essential in combating climate change. Economically, forests contribute significantly through timber, medicinal plants and Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) like honey and bamboo. They are also central to the lives of tribal communities who depend on them for sustenance and cultural practices. However, this dependence brings to light the complex relationship between human development and forest preservation. Is it possible to achieve economic growth without degrading forest resources ? The pressures on India’s forests are immense. Rapid urbanization, industrial expansion, mining, and agricultural encroachment have led to significant deforestation. According to recent reports, India lost around 66,000 hectares of forest cover between 2019 and 2021. This loss not only threatens biodiversity but also exacerbates climate-related challenges such as rising temperatures and erratic rainfall. Policy measures like the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 and initiatives such as Compensatory Afforestation and Van Mahotsav (Forest Festival) reflect efforts to preserve and expand forest areas. However, critics argue that these measures often fail to address ground realities. For instance, afforestation projects may involve planting monoculture species that disrupt ecosystems rather than restore natural biodiversity. Similarly, conflicts arise when policies overlook the rights of indigenous communities, leading to displacement and social tensions. India’s forests are a microcosm of the global struggle to balance development with conservation. Solutions lie in adopting sustainable practices, such as agroforestry, eco-tourism, and community-based conservation models. Empowering local communities to act as custodians of forests ensures both their livelihoods and the health of forest ecosystems. Moreover, raising awareness about the importance of forests can inspire collective action at all levels. In paragraph 1, what does the phrase ‘Lungs of the Earth’ refer to with reference to the passage?

12. Q12Very short answer1 markAsked: 2023

    Organic food is very popular these days. It can also be very expensive. Some organic food costs twice as much as non-organic food. Parents of young children and even some pet owners, will pay high prices for organic food if they think it is healthier. But many others think organic food is just a waste of money. There is one main difference between organic and non-organic food. Organic farms do not use agricultural chemicals such as pesticides that stop insects from damaging crops. In many countries, foods that claim to be organic must have special labels that guarantee they’re grown organically. Some people think organic also means ‘locally grown’ and originally it was indeed true. But over a period of time organic farming has become a big business, with many organic foods now being grown by large agricultural companies that sell their products far from where they’re grown. Processed food made with organic ingredients has also become more popular. At first, only small companies produced these products. But as demand overtook supply, big food companies that had been selling non-organic products for many years also began selling organic products. Is organic food safer and more nutritious ? This is an important part of the debate. Many farmers and consumers believe it is safer and more nutritious. They think agricultural chemicals can cause serious illnesses such as cancer, but there isn’t much evidence proving this is true. However, recent studies have shown that eating organically-grown produce reduces your chances of developing heart diseases. Many doctors think it is more important to stop dangerous bacteria from contaminating foods. These bacteria can contaminate both organic and non-organic fruits and vegetables, and doctors recommend washing produce carefully before eating it. Meat, fish and chicken can also become contaminated so washing your hands before handling these foods is also very important. Complete the following with a phrase from paragraph 3.

Objective questions with the board’s key (10)

1. 1. CBSE 2026

   Every year, countless flocks of birds take to the skies in one of nature’s most remarkable spectacles – migration. This incredible phenomenon involves the regular, long-distance movement of birds between their breeding and wintering grounds. Some species fly only a few hundred kilometers, while others travel across continents and oceans, covering tens of thousands of kilometers each year. Migration is primarily driven by changes in seasons. When food becomes scarce during harsh winters, birds travel to warmer regions where they can find abundant insects, seeds, or fish. The Siberian crane, for instance, travels thousands of kilometers from the cold wetlands of Siberia to India’s warmer lakes such as Keoladeo National Park in Bharatpur and Chilika Lake in Odisha. The Bar-headed goose, another amazing traveler, is known to fly over the towering Himalayas at heights where oxygen levels are dangerously low – a feat that astonishes even scientists. How these small creatures navigate such long distances remains a fascinating mystery. Studies suggest that migratory birds use multiple cues : the position of the sun by day, the stars at night, and even the Earth’s magnetic field. Some, like homing pigeons, possess a memory-based instinct that helps them return to the same spot year after year with stunning accuracy. Unfortunately, migration today is becoming more difficult. Expanding cities, pollution, and deforestation have destroyed vital wetlands and resting areas. Climate change has disrupted the timing of migration, confusing birds about when to travel or breed. Many species arrive too early or too late, missing the right conditions for nesting or feeding. Conservationists worldwide are working to protect these travellers. International cooperation is essential since migratory routes cross national borders. Protected wetland sites, bird sanctuaries, and awareness programs encourage people to appreciate and safeguard these winged wanderers. Migratory birds are not just symbols of endurance and freedom; they are vital to nature’s balance. They help in pollination, seed dispersal, and pest control. The survival of these birds is linked to the survival of ecosystems everywhere. Watching them reminds humanity of a powerful truth – the planet is shared, and the harmony of life depends on care, cooperation, and respect for nature’s rhythms. The writer mentions that conservationists worldwide are working to find solutions to give migratory birds safe travel. Based on the information given in the passage, which of the following will protect these travellers ?

   • (A) creation of more wetland sites.
   • (B) making people aware about the eating habits of migratory birds.
   • (C) work in cooperation with other countries. ✓
   • (D) create eating spots along the way.

   Answer: (C)

2. 2. CBSE 2026

   Every year, countless flocks of birds take to the skies in one of nature’s most remarkable spectacles – migration. This incredible phenomenon involves the regular, long-distance movement of birds between their breeding and wintering grounds. Some species fly only a few hundred kilometers, while others travel across continents and oceans, covering tens of thousands of kilometers each year. Migration is primarily driven by changes in seasons. When food becomes scarce during harsh winters, birds travel to warmer regions where they can find abundant insects, seeds, or fish. The Siberian crane, for instance, travels thousands of kilometers from the cold wetlands of Siberia to India’s warmer lakes such as Keoladeo National Park in Bharatpur and Chilika Lake in Odisha. The Bar-headed goose, another amazing traveler, is known to fly over the towering Himalayas at heights where oxygen levels are dangerously low – a feat that astonishes even scientists. How these small creatures navigate such long distances remains a fascinating mystery. Studies suggest that migratory birds use multiple cues : the position of the sun by day, the stars at night, and even the Earth’s magnetic field. Some, like homing pigeons, possess a memory-based instinct that helps them return to the same spot year after year with stunning accuracy. Unfortunately, migration today is becoming more difficult. Expanding cities, pollution, and deforestation have destroyed vital wetlands and resting areas. Climate change has disrupted the timing of migration, confusing birds about when to travel or breed. Many species arrive too early or too late, missing the right conditions for nesting or feeding. Conservationists worldwide are working to protect these travellers. International cooperation is essential since migratory routes cross national borders. Protected wetland sites, bird sanctuaries, and awareness programs encourage people to appreciate and safeguard these winged wanderers. Migratory birds are not just symbols of endurance and freedom; they are vital to nature’s balance. They help in pollination, seed dispersal, and pest control. The survival of these birds is linked to the survival of ecosystems everywhere. Watching them reminds humanity of a powerful truth – the planet is shared, and the harmony of life depends on care, cooperation, and respect for nature’s rhythms. What message does the passage convey about life on Earth ? (paragraph 6)

   • (A) Man must provide cues to clear traffic routes for migratory birds.
   • (B) Deforestation is essential to stop uncontrolled growth.
   • (C) Harmony between man and nature is essential. ✓
   • (D) Climate change can be controlled only by technological intervention.

   Answer: (C)

3. 3. CBSE 2026

   Forests are often called the lungs of the Earth, and in India, they are an integral part of the country’s ecological, economic, and cultural fabric. They regulate temperatures and help keep the air clean. Covering about 21.71% of India’s geographical area, forests play a pivotal role in sustaining biodiversity, regulating climate, and supporting the livelihoods of millions of people. However, these verdant expanses face numerous challenges, raising important questions about conservation, sustainable development, and policy priorities. India’s forests are incredibly diverse, ranging from the lush tropical rain forests to the alpine vegetation of the Himalayas. This diversity is home to a wide variety of flora and fauna, many of which are endemic or endangered, such as the Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, and Nilgiri Tahr. Forests also provide critical ecosystem services like water conservation, soil fertility, and carbon sequestration, which are essential in combating climate change. Economically, forests contribute significantly through timber, medicinal plants and Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) like honey and bamboo. They are also central to the lives of tribal communities who depend on them for sustenance and cultural practices. However, this dependence brings to light the complex relationship between human development and forest preservation. Is it possible to achieve economic growth without degrading forest resources ? The pressures on India’s forests are immense. Rapid urbanization, industrial expansion, mining, and agricultural encroachment have led to significant deforestation. According to recent reports, India lost around 66,000 hectares of forest cover between 2019 and 2021. This loss not only threatens biodiversity but also exacerbates climate-related challenges such as rising temperatures and erratic rainfall. Policy measures like the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 and initiatives such as Compensatory Afforestation and Van Mahotsav (Forest Festival) reflect efforts to preserve and expand forest areas. However, critics argue that these measures often fail to address ground realities. For instance, afforestation projects may involve planting monoculture species that disrupt ecosystems rather than restore natural biodiversity. Similarly, conflicts arise when policies overlook the rights of indigenous communities, leading to displacement and social tensions. India’s forests are a microcosm of the global struggle to balance development with conservation. Solutions lie in adopting sustainable practices, such as agroforestry, eco-tourism, and community-based conservation models. Empowering local communities to act as custodians of forests ensures both their livelihoods and the health of forest ecosystems. Moreover, raising awareness about the importance of forests can inspire collective action at all levels. What do the recent statistics on deforestation reveal about the state of India’s forests?

   • (A) Deforestation has decreased significantly.
   • (B) Forest loss has been stabilized.
   • (C) Forest cover is rapidly declining. ✓
   • (D) There is no significant impact on forest cover. (Para 4)

   Answer: (C)

4. 4. CBSE 2026

   Forests are often called the lungs of the Earth, and in India, they are an integral part of the country’s ecological, economic, and cultural fabric. They regulate temperatures and help keep the air clean. Covering about 21.71% of India’s geographical area, forests play a pivotal role in sustaining biodiversity, regulating climate, and supporting the livelihoods of millions of people. However, these verdant expanses face numerous challenges, raising important questions about conservation, sustainable development, and policy priorities. India’s forests are incredibly diverse, ranging from the lush tropical rain forests to the alpine vegetation of the Himalayas. This diversity is home to a wide variety of flora and fauna, many of which are endemic or endangered, such as the Bengal tiger, Indian elephant, and Nilgiri Tahr. Forests also provide critical ecosystem services like water conservation, soil fertility, and carbon sequestration, which are essential in combating climate change. Economically, forests contribute significantly through timber, medicinal plants and Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) like honey and bamboo. They are also central to the lives of tribal communities who depend on them for sustenance and cultural practices. However, this dependence brings to light the complex relationship between human development and forest preservation. Is it possible to achieve economic growth without degrading forest resources ? The pressures on India’s forests are immense. Rapid urbanization, industrial expansion, mining, and agricultural encroachment have led to significant deforestation. According to recent reports, India lost around 66,000 hectares of forest cover between 2019 and 2021. This loss not only threatens biodiversity but also exacerbates climate-related challenges such as rising temperatures and erratic rainfall. Policy measures like the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 and initiatives such as Compensatory Afforestation and Van Mahotsav (Forest Festival) reflect efforts to preserve and expand forest areas. However, critics argue that these measures often fail to address ground realities. For instance, afforestation projects may involve planting monoculture species that disrupt ecosystems rather than restore natural biodiversity. Similarly, conflicts arise when policies overlook the rights of indigenous communities, leading to displacement and social tensions. India’s forests are a microcosm of the global struggle to balance development with conservation. Solutions lie in adopting sustainable practices, such as agroforestry, eco-tourism, and community-based conservation models. Empowering local communities to act as custodians of forests ensures both their livelihoods and the health of forest ecosystems. Moreover, raising awareness about the importance of forests can inspire collective action at all levels. What do the recent statistics on deforestation reveal about the state of India’s forests ?

   • (A) Deforestation has decreased significantly.
   • (B) Forest loss has been stabilized.
   • (C) Forest cover is rapidly declining. ✓
   • (D) There is no significant impact on forest cover. (Para 4)

   Answer: (C)

5. 5. CBSE 2025

   ChatGPT can search. It cannot research. The platform has attracted the world's attention because of the speed with which it assembles and produces information in a logical sequence, powered by artificial intelligence, as if a human being were prompting it to write. Curious about understanding what ChatGPT can do, I opened an account and asked if it would replace research in the future. Promptly, it replied : "As an AI language model, I don't hold personal beliefs, but I can present arguments on both sides of the topic." The answer amused me. The speed with which it typed the information across the screen was mind-boggling. I could not read the answer as fast as it typed out the sentence. But, when it had finished, I read through the document. It was impressive. It was truly informative. Five different points had been explained briefly in seconds. I would have thought of those five points in an hour or more, depending on the complexity of the topic. "AI : Catalyst, not Conqueror : ChatGPT and the future of research" was the title that it threw up to my question. It matched my opinion about the future of research after ChatGPT. The write-up had an introduction and a conclusion, just as our English teachers have taught us. The document came from countless databases, as that is what it's designed to do. By contrast, when I research a subject for an 800-word article, I visit five or six authoritative sources; I don't go to a million as most are copies. The difference between the write-up of ChatGPT and my research article is the former is a mere summary. When I write, I search new ideas and knit them in a way that reflect my thoughts and perspective. I choose only what is original, unique and fresh and process them in my mind to create a fresh angle. Research has no value if it only summarises known information. Even a literature survey in your subject requires you to say what you will do with it further, and how. Research is not a joke. Years ago, I had asked my professor, later on my supervisor, "How can I publish an article in research journals ?" He answered, "When you have read everything on the subject, and have something original to add to the existing body of research." My head swam. Excellent research is a daunting task and calls for hard intellectual work. When you research, you don't go wide; you go deep. You thoroughly investigate a minor concept, researching it extensively, substantiating each claim with reliable sources, experiments, models and beyond. It took years to discover the atom and the theory of gravitation. ChatGPT can summarise these discoveries, but it cannot add to them. It does not have the mental wherewithal for that. Which of the following statements best summarises the author's views about ChatGPT ?

   • (A) It can summarise discoveries.
   • (B) It assembles and produces information.
   • (C) Its information is based on numerous databases.
   • (D) It can only search but not research. ✓

   Answer: (D)

6. 6. CBSE 2025

   ChatGPT can search. It cannot research. The platform has attracted the world's attention because of the speed with which it assembles and produces information in a logical sequence, powered by artificial intelligence, as if a human being were prompting it to write. Curious about understanding what ChatGPT can do, I opened an account and asked if it would replace research in the future. Promptly, it replied : "As an AI language model, I don't hold personal beliefs, but I can present arguments on both sides of the topic." The answer amused me. The speed with which it typed the information across the screen was mind-boggling. I could not read the answer as fast as it typed out the sentence. But, when it had finished, I read through the document. It was impressive. It was truly informative. Five different points had been explained briefly in seconds. I would have thought of those five points in an hour or more, depending on the complexity of the topic. "AI : Catalyst, not Conqueror : ChatGPT and the future of research" was the title that it threw up to my question. It matched my opinion about the future of research after ChatGPT. The write-up had an introduction and a conclusion, just as our English teachers have taught us. The document came from countless databases, as that is what it's designed to do. By contrast, when I research a subject for an 800-word article, I visit five or six authoritative sources; I don't go to a million as most are copies. The difference between the write-up of ChatGPT and my research article is the former is a mere summary. When I write, I search new ideas and knit them in a way that reflect my thoughts and perspective. I choose only what is original, unique and fresh and process them in my mind to create a fresh angle. Research has no value if it only summarises known information. Even a literature survey in your subject requires you to say what you will do with it further, and how. Research is not a joke. Years ago, I had asked my professor, later on my supervisor, "How can I publish an article in research journals ?" He answered, "When you have read everything on the subject, and have something original to add to the existing body of research." My head swam. Excellent research is a daunting task and calls for hard intellectual work. When you research, you don't go wide; you go deep. You thoroughly investigate a minor concept, researching it extensively, substantiating each claim with reliable sources, experiments, models and beyond. It took years to discover the atom and the theory of gravitation. ChatGPT can summarise these discoveries, but it cannot add to them. It does not have the mental wherewithal for that. The author was moved by the _________ with which the ChatGPT was producing the article.

   • (A) originality
   • (B) information
   • (C) rationality
   • (D) speed ✓

   Answer: (D)

7. 7. CBSE 2025

   ChatGPT can search. It cannot research. The platform has attracted the world's attention because of the speed with which it assembles and produces information in a logical sequence, powered by artificial intelligence, as if a human being were prompting it to write. Curious about understanding what ChatGPT can do, I opened an account and asked if it would replace research in the future. Promptly, it replied : "As an AI language model, I don't hold personal beliefs, but I can present arguments on both sides of the topic." The answer amused me. The speed with which it typed the information across the screen was mind-boggling. I could not read the answer as fast as it typed out the sentence. But, when it had finished, I read through the document. It was impressive. It was truly informative. Five different points had been explained briefly in seconds. I would have thought of those five points in an hour or more, depending on the complexity of the topic. "AI : Catalyst, not Conqueror : ChatGPT and the future of research" was the title that it threw up to my question. It matched my opinion about the future of research after ChatGPT. The write-up had an introduction and a conclusion, just as our English teachers have taught us. The document came from countless databases, as that is what it's designed to do. By contrast, when I research a subject for an 800-word article, I visit five or six authoritative sources; I don't go to a million as most are copies. The difference between the write-up of ChatGPT and my research article is the former is a mere summary. When I write, I search new ideas and knit them in a way that reflect my thoughts and perspective. I choose only what is original, unique and fresh and process them in my mind to create a fresh angle. Research has no value if it only summarises known information. Even a literature survey in your subject requires you to say what you will do with it further, and how. Research is not a joke. Years ago, I had asked my professor, later on my supervisor, "How can I publish an article in research journals ?" He answered, "When you have read everything on the subject, and have something original to add to the existing body of research." My head swam. Excellent research is a daunting task and calls for hard intellectual work. When you research, you don't go wide; you go deep. You thoroughly investigate a minor concept, researching it extensively, substantiating each claim with reliable sources, experiments, models and beyond. It took years to discover the atom and the theory of gravitation. ChatGPT can summarise these discoveries, but it cannot add to them. It does not have the mental wherewithal for that. Which of the following statements best summarises the author's views about ChatGPT ?

   • (A) It can summarise discoveries.
   • (B) It assembles and produces information.
   • (C) Its information is based on numerous databases.
   • (D) It can only search but not research. ✓

   Answer: (D)

8. 8. CBSE 2025

   Creativity is our most precious resource and the most inexhaustible one. As anyone who has ever spent any time with children knows, every single human being is born creative; every human being is innately endowed with the ability to combine data and perceptions, materials and ideas and devise new ways of thinking and doing. What fosters creativity ? More than anything else : the presence of other creative people, contrary to that creativity is the province of great individual geniuses. In fact creativity is a social process. Our biggest creative breakthrough comes when people learn from, compete with, and collaborate with other people. Cities are centres of creativity. With their diverse populations, dense social networks and public spaces, people can meet spontaneously and spark or catalyse new ideas. With their infrastructure for finance, organization and trade, they allow the idea to swiftly reach its destination. A study tracking the decline of unconventional thinking ability as children age, states that while 98 percent of 3 to 5 years olds exhibited creative thinking, this dwindled to 10 percent among 13 to 15 years olds and a mere 2 percent among 25 years olds. Thus, adulthood witnesses the erosion of innate creativity. There is a variance in creative vitality across cities. Although all cities harbour creative individuals by default, some are saturated with leaders, institutions, and people that inhibit creativity. Creativity (or the lack of it) follows the same general contours of the great socio-economic divide — our rising inequality — that plagues us. According to estimates, roughly one-third people are able to do work which engages our creative faculties to some extent, whether as artists, musicians, writers, techies, innovators, entrepreneurs, doctors, lawyers, journalists or educators. That leaves a group termed “the other 66 percent”, in which their creativity is subjugated, ignored or wasted. Creativity itself is not in danger. It is flourishing all around us — in science and technology, arts and culture, in our rapidly revitalizing cities. But we still have a long way to go if we want to build a truly creative society that supports and rewards creativity of each one of us. The central idea of this passage is that :

   • (A) social interaction is necessary to nurture creativity. ✓
   • (B) creativity and ideas are gradually declining in all societies.
   • (C) the creativity divide is widening in societies in line with socio-economic trends.
   • (D) more people should work in jobs that engage their creative faculties.

   Answer: (A)

9. 9. CBSE 2025

   Creativity is our most precious resource and the most inexhaustible one. As anyone who has ever spent any time with children knows, every single human being is born creative; every human being is innately endowed with the ability to combine data and perceptions, materials and ideas and devise new ways of thinking and doing. What fosters creativity ? More than anything else : the presence of other creative people, contrary to that creativity is the province of great individual geniuses. In fact creativity is a social process. Our biggest creative breakthrough comes when people learn from, compete with, and collaborate with other people. Cities are centres of creativity. With their diverse populations, dense social networks and public spaces, people can meet spontaneously and spark or catalyse new ideas. With their infrastructure for finance, organization and trade, they allow the idea to swiftly reach its destination. A study tracking the decline of unconventional thinking ability as children age, states that while 98 percent of 3 to 5 years olds exhibited creative thinking, this dwindled to 10 percent among 13 to 15 years olds and a mere 2 percent among 25 years olds. Thus, adulthood witnesses the erosion of innate creativity. There is a variance in creative vitality across cities. Although all cities harbour creative individuals by default, some are saturated with leaders, institutions, and people that inhibit creativity. Creativity (or the lack of it) follows the same general contours of the great socio-economic divide — our rising inequality — that plagues us. According to estimates, roughly one-third people are able to do work which engages our creative faculties to some extent, whether as artists, musicians, writers, techies, innovators, entrepreneurs, doctors, lawyers, journalists or educators. That leaves a group termed “the other 66 percent”, in which their creativity is subjugated, ignored or wasted. Creativity itself is not in danger. It is flourishing all around us — in science and technology, arts and culture, in our rapidly revitalizing cities. But we still have a long way to go if we want to build a truly creative society that supports and rewards creativity of each one of us. Select the option that is true for the assertion and reason given below : Assertion : Creativity is the province of great individual genius is not true. Reason : Creativity is a social process.

   • (A) Both the Assertion and Reason are true, and the reason is the correct explanation and assertion. ✓
   • (B) Both the Assertion and Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
   • (C) The Assertion is true, but the Reason is false.
   • (D) The Assertion is false, but the Reason is true.

   Answer: (A)

10. 10. CBSE 2025

    Creativity is our most precious resource and the most inexhaustible one. As anyone who has ever spent any time with children knows, every single human being is born creative; every human being is innately endowed with the ability to combine data and perceptions, materials and ideas and devise new ways of thinking and doing. What fosters creativity ? More than anything else : the presence of other creative people, contrary to that creativity is the province of great individual geniuses. In fact creativity is a social process. Our biggest creative breakthrough comes when people learn from, compete with, and collaborate with other people. Cities are centres of creativity. With their diverse populations, dense social networks and public spaces, people can meet spontaneously and spark or catalyse new ideas. With their infrastructure for finance, organization and trade, they allow the idea to swiftly reach its destination. A study tracking the decline of unconventional thinking ability as children age, states that while 98 percent of 3 to 5 years olds exhibited creative thinking, this dwindled to 10 percent among 13 to 15 years olds and a mere 2 percent among 25 years olds. Thus, adulthood witnesses the erosion of innate creativity. There is a variance in creative vitality across cities. Although all cities harbour creative individuals by default, some are saturated with leaders, institutions, and people that inhibit creativity. Creativity (or the lack of it) follows the same general contours of the great socio-economic divide — our rising inequality — that plagues us. According to estimates, roughly one-third people are able to do work which engages our creative faculties to some extent, whether as artists, musicians, writers, techies, innovators, entrepreneurs, doctors, lawyers, journalists or educators. That leaves a group termed “the other 66 percent”, in which their creativity is subjugated, ignored or wasted. Creativity itself is not in danger. It is flourishing all around us — in science and technology, arts and culture, in our rapidly revitalizing cities. But we still have a long way to go if we want to build a truly creative society that supports and rewards creativity of each one of us. (Created for academic usage / 410 words) The central idea of this passage is that :

    • (A) social interaction is necessary to nurture creativity. ✓
    • (B) creativity and ideas are gradually declining in all societies.
    • (C) the creativity divide is widening in societies in line with socio-economic trends.
    • (D) more people should work in jobs that engage their creative faculties.

    Answer: (A)

Questions parents and students ask

How many marks does "Discursive passage" carry in CBSE Class 10 English?

In the CBSE papers of 2023–2026, this chapter carried about 4 marks and about 1 questions a year; by marks it ranks 6 in English.

Which are the most important (VVI) questions of "Discursive passage"?

The 12 questions above are from the board’s real papers, each with the years it was asked; the most-asked come first with their full model answers. All 12 written questions of this chapter, with answers, are in the AskMedha app.

Do the answers follow the board’s marking scheme?

Yes. CBSE publishes its marking schemes; every model answer here is written point by point to the marks the board’s own scheme gives, and checked by a second, independent model.